Review Of Breast Size Health And Social Care - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3787 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? 2.1 Definition of large breast women There is no united definition of the large breast size in the entire brassiere industry as well as in medicine. Many misconceptions appear that whoever looks fat likewise have large breasts. And some may define it as E cup or above due to the difficulties in purchasing bra in the recent market or grading the contour cup shape. Indeed, plus size usually refer to large chest women who may not really look fat. 2.1.1 Medical standard In medicine, there are many different standards on large breast size. KL.Dundas from The Royal Australian and New Zealand of Radiologists (2007) defined that large breast size can be divided into two categories: the bra size and the cup size. The bra size is the component size of chest-wall and the cup size is referred to the mammary gland components. Women who have cup size D or above or bra size 18 or above can be classified as plus size. Another study about the relationship between the respiratory and measurement method and the bra size calculation (Mcghee, D.E. Steele, J.R., 2006) involved subjects of large breast women. They indicated those with cup size C or above as large breast women. In other research of medical scanning, Indra. J. Das (2006) also defined large breast Japan women whose distance of chest-wall were greater than 22 cm. It can be seen that there is no united standard of the large breast size among the medicine. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Review Of Breast Size Health And Social Care" essay for you Create order 2.1.2 Market Standard People nowadays tend to have bigger cup size than before. Therefore, the plus size market is growing rapidly among the popular lingerie brands recently. Wacoal Hong Kong Company limited (2008) once launched a line mainly for large breast size women named à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“WACOAL Queen Sizeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Cup size from C to I, which means having 15 cm up to 30 cm difference between upper bust girth and lower bust girth, and band size up to 120 cm or 52 inch are available. For the reason of simplicity, cup size of C or above with shoulder pain problem would be categorized as large breast women in this study even though it is not really the market standard and the common practice in the lingerie industry. 2.2 Problems faced by large breast women Many women envy those who have large breasts since they think it is a symbol of sexy appeal. Many even undergo breast augmentation to enhance their bodies with silicone and saline implants (2010). However, it may not be the same feeling for the women who carry the heavy breasts around. The large breasts may trigger multiple problems like physical problems and psychological problems (Dave, 2009). These may affect our daily life or even our social life. 2.2.1 Physical problems Plenty of health websites and journals claimed that the weak chest tissue could easily be over stretched by the excessive weight of the large breasts and as a result causing a lot of problems like upper and lower back pain as well as shoulder pain. Sheer gravity was the main reason causing shoulder pain problem. The heavy breasts makes the shoulders have to work extra hard to keep the back spine straight from being pulled down by them (Ardian, 2010). The arching action also add lots of load to the acromion (Figure 2.1), which is the highest point of shoulder and one of the most sensitive parts of the body (Carol, 2002). Pain feeling would rise and the dark red marks would be left on the shoulder because of the excessive load from the breast and the tighten bra straps after period of time (Toni, 2008). Besides, there are many blood vessels and nerves like Brachial plexus located underneath the skin which are extremely sensitive to pressure and pain feeling. They are the nerve fibres that serve sensation and motor function in the shoulders, arms, and hands travel to and from the spinal cord in the neck (Carol, 2002). So, the wearer had fatigue and pain feeling easily when there is an excessive load applied on the shoulder. Sometimes, the wearers may even have upper arm pain additionally. Due to the shoulder pain as well as the arm pain feeling, exercise is not an easy task for busty women. Because their breasts would be all bouncy when they move and this may cause pain as the muscles around the breasts area are being consistently pulled during the sport activity (Carla Ardian, 2010). IMAG0103.jpg Figure 2.1 The acromion Source: Carol A. Oatis. (2002), Kinesiology the mechanics pathomechanics of human movement, pp. 123 2.2.2 Psychological problems Apart from the physically pain, large breast also accrue to women with emotional problems. Many women dislike their large breasts because they make them look fatter. It is harder for them to find some pretty clothes. Even worse, the patterns on the top would become deformed and as a result make them feel frustrated. These would prevent them from enjoying a higher quality of life (Dave, 2009). Therefore, this is not surprised that their self image drops dramatically because of all these factors. To improve the situation, some may even take the breast reduction surgery. According to the American Society of plastic Surgeonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 2007 nation plastic surgery statistics, over 100000 women had taken the breast reduction surgery in 2007. And there were 25% growth when compared with the same survey last year (Toni, 2008). Base on the above physical and mental problems, the objective of this study is to look into the possibility of distribute or minimize the pain feeling caus ed by excessive pressure load from the shoulder straps. 2.3 Current plus size bra market practice Many plus size bras are available in the existing market. They are specially designed in terms of comfort and support for women with large breasts. Besides, some accessories could be found as auxiliaries for minimizing the pressure and pain feeling. https://www.biggerbras.com/productpics3/large/AVI/aviana-plus-size-underwire-minimizer-bra-2457.jpg Figure 2.2 An example of plus size bra Source: https://blog.biggerbras.com/?tag=best-plus-size-minimizer-bra 2.3.1 Special design of bra cup Plus size bra always appears as full cup with higher neckline to cover the entire breast. The full cup is designed to give more support for the breasts to help keep the shape and fullness of the breast. Most of them are thin padded cup with wire and inner sling for minimizing the movement of the breasts. Full cup bras are ideal for larger breast sizes and pregnant women as less support can lead to a slight sagging of the breasts and back pains (My Fine Lingerie, 2010). https://www.biggerbras.com/productpics3/large/AVI/aviana-plus-size-seamless-minimizer-underwire-bra-2460.jpg Figure 2.3 An example of full cup bra with higher neckline Source: https://www.biggerbras.com/productpics3/large/AVI/aviana-plus-size-seamless-minimizer-underwire-bra-2460.jpg 2.3.2 Special design of wings Wider wings with side bones are another features of plus size bra. They are used to keep the bra firmly in place and help to limit the breast movement. Hooks and eyes are available at the end of the wings for adjustments. Appropriate tension can be applied to the wearer so as to fit well with a secure frame for breast support. https://media.redcatsusa.com/is/image/womanwithin/mm/0027_76453_mm.jpg?wid=230qlt=95op_sharpen=1 Figure 2.4 Wider wing with hooks and eyes Source: https://media.redcatsusa.com/is/image/womanwithin/mm/0027_76453_mm.jpg?wid=230qlt=95op_sharpen=1 2.3.3 Special design of shoulder straps The average breast weight of adult women was around 200g without any pregnancy and lactation. The pregnancy women could have breasts weight from 400g to 600g and up to 800g in lactation. D cup size or above plus size women could have the breasts weight same as the pregnancy and lactation women (Laurence D.J, 1991). Therefore, the straps of plus size bra should be wide enough to allow better distribution of force. Mostly, the widths of them are more than 10mm. Some straps for plus size bra may even reach 19mm or more. It should contain minimal elasticity and good recovery at the same time as well. Sometimes, the front part of the straps appears as rigid to limit the breast movement. Also, the tension of shoulder straps should fit different body lengths by using strap material with proper power and elasticity or applying adjusters. If there are not enough adjustments of the shoulder straps, the required lift-up function cannot be provided if it is too loose, or cause fatigue and pain if it is too tight (Zhou Jie, 2010). Besides, padded or cushion straps are other designs for easing the neck and shoulder pain. https://www.comparestoreprices.co.uk/images/na/natori-underwire-sport-bra.jpg Figure 2.5 Wider and padded shoulder strap Source: https://www.comparestoreprices.co.uk/images/na/natori-underwire-sport-bra.jpg 2.3.4 Accessories One of the examples of accessories for minimizing the shoulder pain and discomfort is the shoulder pad. It is common in the U.S., U.K. or Europe, but it is not easy to find in Asian countries, especially in Hong Kong since lingerie brands mainly target on the small size. There are various kinds of shoulder strap pads with some designed in small size in foam material or gel pad to provide shock absorb effect and some designed in a hand- size big. The big pad is specially designed for post surgery women like mastectomy, chemotherapy and pacemaker implantation. The product shown in figure 2.5 and 2.6 were the attachable shoulder strap foam pad and silicone pad respectively which could provid the free movement along the shoulder straps. They could be the extra supporter placing under the straps for easing shoulder pain. However, the thickness of the shoulder pad could easily show though the outerwear, an innovation from the online shop called covered shoulder pad shown in figure 2.7 can help this. It is a pad with a channel in between for placing shoulder straps as well as providing a smooth shoulder contour with its finely tapered edges. https://www.independence.ltd.uk/userimages/3931%20Bra%20Strap%20Pad%202.jpg?rand=1219843165 Figure 2.6 An example of shoulder strap foam pad Source: https://www.independence.ltd.uk/userimages/3931%20Bra%20Strap%20Pad%202.jpg?rand=1219843165 https://www.ecrobot.com:81/offer/02_OutputOfferImage.php?n=10779926174548427985743820946206 Figure 2.7 A shoulder silicone pad Source: https://www.ecrobot.com:81/offer/02_OutputOfferImage.php?n=10779926174548427985743820946206 https://images.herroom.com/items/braza-brz001-2100-gs.jpgFlip Flap Satin Covered Shoulder Pads Figure 2.8 Covered shoulder pad Source: https://www.herroom.com/braza-2100-flip-flap-satin-covered-shoulder-pads.shtml 2.4 The mechanism of shock absorb According to a research done by Zhou Jie (2010), when the human body collides with the ground, impact forces develop. With each foot strike during walking or running, the shock wave would transmitted throughout the body and ultimately reach the head. The shock attenuation is brought by the shock absorbers in the human body such as joint positioning, muscle activity, synovial fluid, bone, and articular cartilage. Any forces that are not absorbed by the lower extremity will be transmitted up to the kinetic chain, which gives a force to breast and makes breast move. The movement of breasts results in pressure to the body. The applied load was 1.25 times of the body weight while walking. Shoulder pad provides a cushion effect to the wearer and it acts as a protector to reduce the pressure transmitted to the shoulder. Once there are compression force stroke on the cushion, the cushion was compressed and stored part of the strain energy. The cushion would become stiffness and thinner (Kevin, 1999). The strain energy stored inside the cushion would then be converted into heat energy and dissipated by the air. When the compression load removed, the cushion would be recovered into its original shape called energy return (Pi, et al., 2008). Because of the dissipation of part of the impact energy, the wearer would then feel lesser resilient force from the ground and superior comfort of relieving the shoulder pain. 2.5 Definition and functions of elastics Elastic is an essential component of lingerie. It is a narrow fabric which does not exceed 18à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in width and it can be classified as woven or knitted. Elastics have been widely used in textiles as well as lingerie like the upper and lower band of wings, shoulder straps and the opening of the briefs. This is all because it can position the garment, support the garment as well as create a finished edge or hem (Yip, 2010). 2.6 Shoulder straps Shoulder strap is the essential part of the whole bra (Click n Click, 2010). It is one of the narrow elastics which functions to support and control the movement of the breasts. The breast weight could act as a large load on the straps and in turn, excessive pressure on the shoulder of the wearers (Zhou Jie, 2010). Therefore, to provide more comfort to the wearer, shinny surface with matt back are always the appearance of the shoulder straps (Yip, 2010). 2.6.1 Constructions of shoulder straps There are two basic constructions for shoulder strap which are woven and crochet (knitted) elastics. For woven straps, it is the narrow woven fabric having stretch properties consisting of monofilament nylon yarns woven together (Thompson and Bick Harlequin, 1952). They have smoother, finer and flatter surface as well as being more supportive than knitted elastics. For knitted straps, they are always produced by interloping which means forming yarns into loops and intermeshing the loops into a structure (LAMB Knitting Machine Corporation, 2010). And most of them are warp knitted. Knitted straps have higher elongation compared to the woven straps. Small gaps would appear when stretched. Also, it is much cheaper in price (Yip, 2010). There are several areas that must be taken into considerations during the fabric construction: 1. Details of materials Types of filaments, number of counts and ends used in both warp and weft direction are recorded in a basic unit of fabric cons truction. 2. Details of fabric construction The arrangement of picks and ends are clearly recorded in a data sheet, specifying which types of nylon filaments and spandex used. 3. Production requirements Details of number of reed, picks per unit length, elongation and shrinkage requirements are also needed to be laid down for reference. 2.6.2 Product types There are two types of bra straps in turns of woven and knitted. Woven bra straps are available in 8 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 27mm. Plus size bra tends to use wider shoulder straps to help the distribution of force. It is more shinny and smoother on the surface to provide a better appearance and matt with brushes at the back to provide a comfort feeling to the wearer. There are a variety of surface pattern like stripes, zig zags, checks, plain satin effects and Jacquard. Different types of edge can be found in the market, for examples, plain, picots, loops, frills, double loops, etc. For knitted bra straps, matt and shinny appearance are available in the market. Surface patterns like loops and curves can be found on them. Picots, loops and double loops are the common edge of the knitted straps. Although the support is not as good as the woven bra straps, it is relatively cheaper and has more different kind of fashion styles (Yip, 2010). woven.jpg Figure 2.9 Woven shoulder straps knitted straps.jpg Figure 2.10 Knitted shoulder straps 2.6.3 Materials used in shoulder straps A variety of materials were used in the construction of shoulder straps such as nylon, polyester, spandex or Lycra and metallic yarn. 90% of shoulder straps use nylon as nylon can be dyed more easily with lower temperature compare to polyester. For spandex, it can be stretched for many times and recover to its original length after load is removed. It is due to its special arrangements of the molecular structure (Yip, 2010). The structure consists of long chain molecules that take on the conformation of large random coils. These long chain structures show soft and flexible properties at room temperature. When stretched, they will deform or uncoil and return back to its original dimension after removing the force (Woods, 1987). Spandex usually wrapped around by nylon or polyester yarn and forms elastic by weaving. Sometimes, metallic yarns are used to provide a more attractive and shinny appearance (Yip, 2010). 2.6.4 Stretch and recovery of shoulder straps Stretch or elongation, recovery and modulus are three main considerations during construction of elastics. Both of them play the important roles in determining the supportive and comfortable level of a shoulder strap (Yip, 2010). 1. Elongation Elongation, combines with strength, indicates the ability of a yarn of fabric to absorb energy. (John Sons, 1977) Elongation means the percentage extension at the specified load. When objects are put under stress, they will stretch before breaking. If the stress is not great enough to break the object, the deformation is usually temporary and the objects original shape will return when the stress is removed. Knowing how shoulder straps will elongate is critical for designing a bra for large breast women which can ensure that they do not elongate so much that they no longer have enough strength to withstand the forces while elongated (Mark Kennan, 1999). To measure this, the original length of the shoulder strap sample should be subtrac ted by the length of the strap which under specified load first. And then the result would be divided by the original length of the strap. Lastly, it is to multiply the result by 100%. The final result would be the elongation of the strap. Below is the equation of elongation. Length under specified load original length X 100% Original length 2. Recovery Recovery means the percentage of the elastic that can be recovered when the load is released. After a load is released from a stress-strain test, some of the total deformation is recovered as elastic deformation (Mark Kennan, 1999). The higher the percentage states that the better the recovery a strap has. It is also very important to shoulder straps as they should keep a certain recovery rate say 85 % even after using repeatedly. To measure this, the elongated length of the straps should minus the recovered length and the original gauge length respectively. And then the former would be divided by the latter one. Lastly, the result should be multiplied by 100%. The final result would be the recovery of the shoulder strap. Below is the equation of it. ___Elongated length (in.) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Recovered length ___ X100% Elongated length (in.) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Original gauge length 3. Modulus Modulus means the amount of load (in lbs) needed to extend the elastics to 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%. In another words, it is the ratio of pressure (stress) applied to a body to the resistance (strain) produced by the body. The higher the modulus, the larger the amount of load has to applied to extend the straps (Yip, 2010). This is another important consideration for the construction of strap since the modulus should not be too low as straps should have certain stiffness to support the breasts weight. Elongation, recovery and modulus are three very vital checking points before the shipment of each batch of shoulder straps. Therefore, control of them should be extremely careful within the set tole rance. Besides, different cup size bras should match with different shoulder straps with different level of elongation, recovery and modulus because of the comfort and support level provided. 2.7 Physical properties of spandex fibre Property spandex Natural rubber Other synthetic fibres Elongation at break (%) 500-800 500-900 0-40 Tensile strength 6-12 2-4 30-70 (break tenacity, g/tex) Thickness available (tex) 2-60 17 upwards 2 upwards Stress at 200% elongation (g/tex) 0.4-1 0.15-0.3 N.A. Melting point ËÅ ¡C ca250 150 140-250 Moisture regain (% at 21ËÅ ¡C, 65%RH) cal.0 0.2 0.2-5.0 Table 2.1 Physical properties of spandex fibre From the table, it can be seen that, although the nature rubber also has a high value of elongation at break, it is not suitable for making elastic fabric because of its low tensile strength and high value of thickness (Randall and Lee, 2002). 2.8 Innovative design of shoulder straps 2.9 Design frameworks In the overall product life cycle, before the product manufacturing, product development is very important as many ideas generate and integrate to form new products. There are many different frameworks for product development and design, but not all of them provide the specific ideas for functional apparel. Only DeJonge (1984) and Watkin (1988) provide the specific ideas in this aspect (Chan, 2001). 2.9.1 DeJongeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model DeJonge (1984) proposed a process for the development of functional occupational clothing that places importance on identifying user needs and analyzing user situations through systematic exploration. The full process guides the designer step-by-step from initial request to prototype completion and evaluation (Table 2.2). DeJonge provide a systematic model on design research and this helps designers a lot to determine the design specifications. This model provides a clear division between the development of design specification and the establishment of design criteria. It can clearly list out the important issues that designers should consider during the whole design process(Chan, 2001). DeJongeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s design stage Description 1. Initial request made Define design problem 2. Design direction explored Find design directions 3. Design goals defined Define the goals for research 4. Research for specification developed Develop in-depth research to find design factors 5. Design criteria established Ranking and weighting design criteria 6. Prototype development Develop the prototype for the design according to the criteria made in the previous stage 7. Prototype evaluation Evaluate the prototype Table 2.2 DeJongeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s design process 2.9.2 Watkinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model Watkinsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ model (1988) adapts seven-step approach of design process that includes acceptance, analysis, definition, ideation, selection, implementation and evaluation. This model focuses more on the problem solving stages with a heavier weighting on the prototype implement part. Watkinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s steps Descriptions 1. Acceptaance Get motivation and find reasons to devote time and effort to the design problem 2. Analysis Find out all aspects of design situation by learning and interviewing 3. Definition Determining the most essential elements by sifting through the mass of data and ideas collected in the previous stages 4. Ideation Generate ideas and creative things as many as possible 5. Selection Select the best idea 6. Implementation Take action and try out the best idea 7. Evaluation Analyzing what happened when action was taken Table 2.3 Watkinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s design process 2.9.3 Selection of design framework Although both Dejongeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and Watkinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s models provide the specific ideas for development of functional apparel, the later one is more or less used for the teaching of design process (Chan, 2001). Among these frameworks, DeJongeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s functional design process is generally accepted by clothing and textile researchers to be a landmark for the development of the design processes. It has also been used to guide research into the development of garment design criteria and prototype. Examples of previous research that have used the full or adaptations of DeJongeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s basic design framework are clothing for women with physical disabilities (Carroll, 2001), intimate apparel designs for women (Chan, 2001) and hospital clothing for neonates (Bergen et al.,1996). For the above reasons, this study was conducted to design and develop a set of new product of shoulder strap based on DeJongeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s design framework. Details of the design process based on DeJongeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s framework are presented in Chapter 5. Current scientific knowledge and systematic design framework are necessary to guide scientific investigation of design and development of shoulder straps. 2.10 Summary and conclusion of literature review

Different Film Industries in Different Countries - 2163 Words

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Anne Frank The diary of a young girl Essay Example For Students

Anne Frank: The diary of a young girl Essay Anne Frank: The diary of a young girl Essay I want to introduce you to, Anne Frank: The diary of a young girl, by Anne Frank and translated by B. M. Mooyaart. It is the story of a 13-year-old Jewish girl and her family who are forced into hiding by the Nazis during World War II The book is written over a two-year period, tells about her life while she and her family are in hiding in Holland. On her birthday she received a diary, Anne named it Kitty, and Kitty was her best friend ever since. From the first day she had it, she would write all the thoughts, feelings and wishes she had. They are staying in a secret attic of the office building where Mr. Frank used to work in order to escape from the Nazis during World War II. During their stay in the annex, they are supported by several people in the office building, who risk their own lives to insure the secrecy of the Jewish hideout and to provide them with food and basic supplies. Much of Annes diary tells about the daily routine of the occupants of the attic. It also describes in detail the characters of Annes father, mother, and sister, as well as the characters of the three Van Daans and Mr. Dussel, who share the attic with them. The Protagonist Anne Frank The author of the diary. Anne was born on June 12, 1929, in Frankfurt, Germany, and was four years old when her father moved to Holland to find a better place for the family to live. She is very intelligent and perceptive, and she wants to become a writer. Anne grows from an innocent and somewhat petty teenage girl to a sensitive thinker at age fifteen. Annes life changed, when in July of 1942, the Nazis came there searching for Jewish people. So the Franks made a hard decision: hide from the Nazis, living in the houses secret room. They were shearing this room with the Van Daan family, close friends to their family. Since that day a different life started, a life they didnt imagined, and didnt know what road would take. Living in the secret room wasnt easy; hiding scared every day and night, and running always with a threatening life. Worse, living with the Van Daans, a family Anne didnt like, with their little naughty daughter. Anyway, they were protected by people that gave them food and took good care of them. The Van Daans were becoming more and more impolite every day that passed; cause the pressure they were having about the war. Anne cried all nights wishing the end of the war. They had a radio that was the only way to receive notice of the war. Instead of hearing it finishing, they just heard bad news. In the city, things were hard, but in the secret room things werent easier. It was very boring, so Anne, Margot and Peter, the only son of the Van Daans, studied with the books that were in the room. It was the only thing to do, but they were old and the 3 students already knew all the books. They lived for 2 years in the secret room. August 1 of 1944 was the last day Anne wrote in her diary, 3 days after, the Nazis discovered the secret room, and both families were sent to forced work. In March of 1945, Anne died with a terrible disease called typhoid in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. My favorite part of the book was when she begins to confide in Peter. They start to tell each other what they are feeling, what it is that bothers them so much, they tell each other of all their wishes and dreams. .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711 , .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711 .postImageUrl , .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711 , .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711:hover , .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711:visited , .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711:active { border:0!important; } .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711:active , .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711 .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uadcb3ff6abb9c6fc6a38c24902cf7711:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Our Friends, Ourselves Essay And eventually they both come to realize that they each share a secret crush on one another. My least favorite part of the book is how she has to put up with Mrs. Van Daans complaining, Mr. Van Daan who is always in an uproar over something Anne does, Mr. Dussel constantly shhing her, and now her father telling her she needs to show more compassion .

Why does the definition of civil society matter to the evaluation of political transitions in Asia Essay Example Essay Example

Why does the definition of civil society matter to the evaluation of political transitions in Asia? Essay Example Paper Why does the definition of civil society matter to the evaluation of political transitions in Asia Essay Introduction The political configurations of constituent nations in the Asian continent have seen many significant changes over the last fifty years. The conclusion of the Second World War served as the precipitant event in transforming the erstwhile colonies in Asia into independent, sovereign nations. But, not all transformations have led to positive consequences. It would be simplistic to not look beyond official labels attached to governments in these nations. For example, classifying an Asian nation as a democracy or a dictatorship without taking into account the complex and often subtle political realities can lead to distorted perceptions. It is the objective of this essay to understand the real social, economic and demographic parameters that define a civil society and evaluate political transitions in Asia in this context. Many analysts have pointed out that the salient features of a vibrant democracy are quite different from superficial symbols of a democratic setup as seen in many coun tries across Asia. For example, in countries such as Indonesia, Philippines, etc, which were colonies of European imperial powers until half a century back, the effects of the protracted period of imperialism are still evident in the way their institutions function. These post-colonial societies are at crossroads of history and have to overcome challenges in the realm of economics and politics if they are to emerge as competent players in the new world order. In order to make an objective assessment of political transitions in Asia, we need to adopt a broad historical approach to the subject. While wide-ranging references add to the merit of analysis, care has been taken not to indulge in standards of moral relativism when evaluating the state of democracy in this region. Why does the definition of civil society matter to the evaluation of political transitions in Asia? Essay Body Paragraphs To begin with, let us consider the case of East Timor and its turbulent road to independence. It is now accepted in hindsight that the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975 was a blatant act of aggression, although it is a well documented fact that the western media did not strictly condemn the Indonesian atrocities in East Timor as and when it happened. By giving due consideration to facts and by applying universally accepted standard of human rights, it is obvious that the invasion of East Timor was perpetrated by an Indonesian leadership that is both authoritarian and ruthless (Fox, 2004). More than two decades later, with Megawati Sukarnoputri contending for political leadership of the country, the dark legacy of authoritarianism is still part of the fabric of the political establishment. This can be discerned from the fact that Megawati made no concessions to Timorese independence (not even local level autonomy) in the lead up to the elections. This goes to prove that democr acy and the instrument of elections alone are not sufficient for imposing acceptable standards of freedom, equality and justice in a country, which goes to strengthen the thesis that superficial labels and nominal institutions does not imply a functioning democracy (Razack, 2006). This is true as much in Asia as anywhere else in the world. Also, the catastrophe in East Timor cannot be divorced from the broader equations of power and dominance. While the close diplomatic relationship between the United States of America and Australia is well known, the role assumed by Indonesia as a subordinate agent of these two more powerful entities is not often mentioned in political scholarship. To elaborate further, for nearly forty years since 1965, the Australian government supported the atrocities carried out by General Suharto in neighbouring Indonesia. Jonathan Fox draws out this case of hypocrisy in an emphatic style thus, â€Å"During the long years of Suharto’s dictatorship, whi ch was shored up by western capital, governments and the World Bank, state terrorism on a breathtaking scale was ignored. Australian prime ministers were far too busy lauding the â€Å"investment partnership† in resource-rich Indonesia. Suharto’s annexation of East Timor, which cost the lives of a third of the population, was described by the foreign minister Gareth Evans as â€Å"irreversible†. As Evans succinctly put it, there were â€Å"zillions† of dollars to be made from the oil and gas reserves in the Timor Sea†. (Fox, 2004) Another important aspect of post-independent history of this region is the blatant disregard for legislative power as well as the judiciary. As a result, several leaders have misappropriated their executive powers to impose emergency rule over the citizens and civil institutions, making the institution of democracy a total farce. While several justifications have been forwarded for the application of emergency powers, none has been accepted as valid by neutral observers of the international community. This infringement on legal and parliamentary authority had happened in almost all nations of the South East Asian bloc, including Indonesia and Philippines, which is ironical considering the fact that these two nations were supposed to be the more advanced in the region. The invoking of emergency powers by President Fidel Ramos in Philippines remains a classic case of abuse of power (Razack, 2006). A disturbing trend witnessed in East Asian democracies is the smooth transformation of the old authoritarian elite into top leadership of political parties. This defeats the very purpose of intended progressive changes, as those individuals accustomed to exercising autocratic rule assume roles in democratic institutions. Author Mervyn Bendle cites the example of the KMT in Thailand, the leaders of which held undisputed power in the country’s days of dictatorship as well as in the new period of democrac y. While political organization might have changed for the better, the regime has effectively been the same. The successful entry of authoritarian ruling class into democratic institutions is achieved, as in Thailand and Philippines, through patronage and intimidation of uninformed, illiterate and underprivileged masses. This is clearly evident from the re-emergence of autocrats from the Marcos era in the Philippines. So, political transitions in Asia need to be seen in their overall impact on civil society, as opposed to basing the assessment on token and illusory indicators of progress and prosperity (Bendle, 2005). A deeper analysis of the Asian polity reveals several nexuses between political parties and business corporations. In almost all countries of the region, the influential business class interferes in democratic processes, thereby undermining the will of the electorate. Razack terms this phenomenon as â€Å"money politics†, where political manoeuvres that favour b usiness interests can be bought with money. The disconnection between the military and electoral democracy is another major concern for people of the region. The South East Asian region had seen its share of military coups, which subvert the power of the citizens in determining political outcomes. The central financial institutions of the region wield too much power in shaping economic policies. Moreover, the central banks of Thailand and Korea basically act as agents of the IMF. The policy framework within which they work ensures that the international economic order is maintained, even at the cost of depriving its own citizens’ basic necessities of living (Razack, 2006). Considering that China is predicted to be the next global superpower and at present the fastest growing economy, it requires a more detailed analysis. For the prospects and fortunes of China and its people will have ripple effects on other nations in the Asian continent. To gain a historical perspective on this key nation, we should go as far back as the communist revolution of the late 1940s, and the subsequent formation of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1949, since when many developments have taken place both within the party as well as for Chinese citizens. The CCP and its cadres â€Å"are changing in ways that make creative solutions to political governance problems feasible than a repeated violent reaction to social change, as in 1989† (Smith, 2003). While progress and reform is on the party agenda, its leadership still retains useful traditions and customs. A case in point is the utilization of nomenklatura system for selecting party leaders. Its critics will point to its shortcomings, including its inability to curb corruption within the party ranks. But the nomenklatura system was not devised to deter corruption. Also, the cadre responsibility system was meant to act as an analytical tool for zeroing in on the primary goals of the party and assessing the success o f various policy initiatives; and it has proved equal to this stated objective (Dickson, 2006). The political transitions in China over the last sixty years have not been without moments of indiscretion and impasse. When in September of 1949, the communist revolution was complete and the CCP ascended to power, the people of China were relieved and also hopeful; Relieved of closing a conflict-ridden chapter of their recent history and hopeful of a brighter future. It can safely be said that their hopes were fulfilled to a large extent. The CCP has to be credited for bringing about a degree of economic and political stability in the first decade of their reign. The subsequent years proved to be more challenging for the CCP leadership, which had to deal with famine caused by its Great Leap Forward program. From these early days, when the party and its members were still learning the ropes of governance it has now become a sophisticated and well coordinated political machine. The party building efforts in modern urban settlements (also called ‘shequ’) is an innovative move (Smith, 2003). Further, â€Å"Such local experiments in limited political reform are creating a mixed regime based on one-party rule, Mandarin traditions, and intra-party elections, which will be democratic in its own terms even if not by Western standards.Chinese business classes are likely to play a role that their European counterparts did in the past by eventually promoting democratization†. (Smith, 2003) We will write a custom essay sample on Why does the definition of civil society matter to the evaluation of political transitions in Asia? Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why does the definition of civil society matter to the evaluation of political transitions in Asia? Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why does the definition of civil society matter to the evaluation of political transitions in Asia? 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One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest

In the decade of the 1960s there was a lot of complaints that came from the actors, directors and film enthusiasts. They clamour for a renaissance of Hollywood films. The movie industry was in a deplorable state, however, good fortune smiled on those who desperately wanted for change (Lev, 2000, p.5). In the 1960s up to the 1970s Hollywood went through a rebirth. It was known as the period of â€Å"great artistic achievement based on new freedom and widespread experimentation† (Kramer, 2005, p.1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the best example of â€Å"New Hollywood† is the blockbuster entitled One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. This film exemplified â€Å"New Hollywood† based on unconventional techniques seen in the way the plot, theme, visual style and even the people that worked on the project such as the director, cinematographer and actor in the lead role. It is rare for a film to enjoy both critical and commercial success (Maltby, 2003, p.180). The Cuckoo’s Nest movie was embraced by the critics as one of the finest examples of Hollywood excellence. It won five major Oscar awards. But more importantly the masses gave their own feedback, giving the two thumbs up sign by voting with their money as they patiently brave the elements to stand in line to buy tickets and see the movie for the second and even the third time. This was not only beneficial to the studio but also on the main actor Jack Nicholson himself and according to one report, â€Å"By 1978, Jack’s share of the Cuckoo’s Nest windfall grew to $15 million, becoming the kind of annuity that just kept on giving †¦ completed on a $4.4 million budget, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest became the seventh-highest grossing movie ever† (McDougal, 2008, p.200). Jack Nicholson, Milos Forman an d Haskell Wexler came to Hollywood just at the right time when the movie industry in the United States was in the cusp of revolution. According to insiders, â€Å"The conditions for a revolution in Hollywood certainly seemed to be in place in the latter part of the sixties. There was the decaying regime: a studio system run by aging autocrats whose commitment to standardized technique and innocuous content seemed to make it impossible for genuine film artists to emerge in Hollywood† (Bernardino, 1991, p.1). Aside from that there was tremendous pressure to change. The bottomline is falling in most studios and this simply means that if it cannot produce a good movie that people will pay to watch then the golden days are over and they will have to learn how to file bankruptcy. According to film historians, â€Å"There was an external crisis: the initial challenge of television followed by the consolidation of its position as the mass medium, a situation which by the end of the sixties had led to truly alarming declines in the box office receipts of American movies† (Bernardino, 1991, p.1).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Aside from that there were the discontented masses, the baby boomers and the educated young adults who are more than willing to break free from social restrictions (Bernardino, 1991, p.1). As a result some of the most spectacular films in Hollywood history were made such as films like The Godfather (1972); The Poseidon Adventure (1973); Jaws (1975) and Star Wars (1977) among others (King, 2002, p.46). Plot and Theme This film is a byproduct of â€Å"New Hollywood† as evidenced by the plot and theme. One writer even said, â€Å"With its narrative emphasis on institutional politics, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, reflects interestingly on the institutional structure of New Hollywood cinema itself† (Morrison, 1998, p.212). This is seen in the courageous use of material taken from a novel by Ken Kessey. It can be said that this is not the first time that a movie outfit dared to tell the story of mentally ill patients and the intriguing and sometimes frightening scenes inside a mental asylum. However, this is the firs time that a studio tackled the idea that the psychiatrists and the supposedly health experts are the villains and not the lunatics inside the mental institution. According to the author of the novel the book shows how the said institution was used not to help people but to separate those who are not willing to conform to social rules (Kesey, p.1). This was depicted so well at the end of the movie when the character played by Jack Nicholson was reduced to a â€Å"vegetable† reducing what was once a bubbly character into someone who could no longer resist the people bent to subdue him. The plot and theme of the movie is a perfect example of â€Å"New Hollywood† no t only because it experimented on visual style, cinematography and other elements of production but more so because the whole story of the movie talks about going against the grain. The whole film is an illustration of how Hollywood used to stifle creativity and ingenuity in the movie industry and how powerful individuals are pulling the string and everyone involved are mere puppets. â€Å"Old Hollywood† was defined using the character of nurse Ratched. The name itself is something that denotes the idea of a rat and a wretched place. A rat is understood to be a creature that cannot be trusted and can easily turn traitor because the â€Å"rat† is someone who cannot go against those in authority has to constantly obey rules and conventions. The story is a revelation of how destructive is a dictatorship and why absolute power corrupts. Movies that came out from â€Å"New Hollywood† is also a dagger aimed at the old methods enjoyed by giant studios and directors and producers who became too powerful for their own good.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The theme and plot of the story can be summarized in one statement: â€Å"McMurphy never lets rules – or even common sense – stand in the way of good fun† (Fish, 1984, p.10). It is this desire to experience happiness and fulfilment that has inspired the producers and creators of this film. Finally, the experimentation is also evident in the creation of the plot and theme of the movie. For instance, McMurphy was depicted as the suffering saviour. He seems to be portrayed as the Messiah but at the same time he is the worst example of what a Messiah should be, this is because he is uncouth, proud, and angry (Stone, 2000, p.92). But this ability to go against the conventional way of storytelling and film making sets this film apart. Visual Style Just like the other products of its time, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest can easily represent â€Å"New Hollywood† because of its striking visual style. If one will have an overview of the movies done in the 1950s there is a sense of predictability when it comes to how the director frames the shot and what are the things that are allowed to be within the frame. One example is the way the characters are framed in the scenes using tight shots. The camera focuses intently on the face of McMurphy and so the audience can feel and experience the nuances of his gestures and mannerisms. The same thing can be said with regards to the tight shot of Nurse Ratched. The visuals provided a complex character. She is soft-spoken and yet everyone is afraid of her. Even McMurphy at one point realized that he has met his match in Nurse Ratched. It must also be pointed out that use of colour or the absence of it intensifies the meaning of its scene. The first time the audience wer e acquainted with Nurse Ratched she came in wearing a black coat and then when she was ready to get to work she was transformed into this nurse wearing all white. This played well with the drab background of the mental institution and this is a good example of how directors in this particular era are not afraid to experiment on different techniques such as the different way they depicted violence. This can be seen in the way the main character was murdered, smothered by a pillow (Horwath, Elsaesser King, 2004, p.143).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Director This film is an example of â€Å"New Hollywood† because of the director on the helm of film production. Milos Forman is not American-born. This is layered with complex implications. First, he is not tied to the conventional way of doing American films. Secondly, he brought with him the techniques that he had learned in Europe. Finally, he is used to experimentation and trying out new techniques. This is why the feel of the film was different as compared to other products that came out of â€Å"Old Hollywood.† Actor The actor that they brought in to play the part of Randall Patrick McMurphy is no ordinary actor. He is different in the sense that Nicholson exudes this aura of rebelliousness. He is a person who does not seem willing to conform to social norms. There are other actors that can play this part convincingly well but they are actors that are easily identified with the current system. But by bringing in Jack Nicholson as the actor in the lead role, the audience are immediately forewarned that this fellow will tend to break the rules instead of keeping them. Nicholson was not yet an established actor groomed by the studio. Nicholson is someone who is so talented and yet does not seem to fit in according to industry standards (Conner, 2002, p.6). Nicholson’s facial features, his mannerisms and his acting was just perfect for the part. It gave credibility to what he was trying to project on the silver screen. His character is desperately trying to go against traditions and norms and his superb acting allowed him to speak not only to the critiques watching the film but the ordinary people who felt that there is a need to experience freedom and not to be repressed by rules and traditions that has ensnared them for too long. Nicholson’s character is the personification of the challenge posed by those who are sick and tired of the â€Å"Old Hollywood† and are willing to stand up against institutional bullies. A comme ntary on the character of R.P. McMurphy clarified why this movie exemplify â€Å"New Hollywood† and it says: â€Å"McMurphy’s sanity takes the ward by storm: none of the patients have met anyone like him †¦ where the other patients were timid and quiet, McMurphy is cocky and loud; where they are unable to do more than snicker, his healthy laughter shakes the walls; where they are sexually repressed, he is self-proclaimed champion lover† (Fish, 1984, p.9). Cinematographer It was not only the actor and director that exemplify the new way of doing things in the â€Å"New Hollywood† it is also the cinematographers. The best example is Haskell Wexler who was the cinematographer of the said movie. Wexler typified the radical changes that were happening within the industry because he is a cinematographer who does not compromise easily when it comes to artistic freedom (Schaefer Salvato, 1984, p.247). His desire to experiment can be seen in the way he tried to capture the emotion of the scene using excellent camera work. One of the best example is the tight shot of Nurse Ratched as she lies on the floor after McMurphy tried to suffocate her. Uncertainty Before Success There was a tremendous degree of uncertainty when one is trying to do something for the first time. There was nothing like this movie in the history of Hollywood. If one will say that this is unprecedented, it would have been an understatement. A few days after the release here are some of the reactions from critics and moviegoers, â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest detonated like a nuclear revelation, touching a universal nerve and elevating Jack to superstardom in the process† (McDougal, 2008, p.198). The compliments kept coming and another commentary said, â€Å"Many theatres defied the usual one-week-in, next-week-out trend and extended the film for months †¦ the movie opened in Stockholm on February 26, 1976, and didn’t close until elev en months later† (McDougal, 2008, p.198). Conclusion It is rare for a film to enjoy both commercial and critical success. The movie One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest was able to accomplish this rare feat. The reason given is that it is the by-product of â€Å"New Hollywood† and the proof also that the movie going public is looking for something new. This film exemplified â€Å"New Hollywood† because of the theme, visual styles, actor, director and cinematographer. Together they collaborated to create something unprecedented. The result was spectacular, it is one of the films that saved Hollywood and ushered in a new era in film making. References Bernardoni, J., 1991. New Hollywood. NC: McFarland Company, Inc. Conner, F., 2002. Hollywood’s Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Lucky Breaks,  Prima Donnas, Box Office Bombs and Other Oddities. VA: Brassey’s, Inc. Fish, P., 1984. Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. New York: Ba rron’s Educational Series, Inc. Horwath, A., Elsaesser, T. and King, N., 2004. The Last Great American Picture Show: New Hollywood Cinema. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Kesey, K., 1962. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. New York: Penguin Books. King, G., 2002. New Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction. New York: I.B. Tauris. Kramer, P., 2005. The New Hollywood: From Bonnie and Clyde to Star Wars. UK: Wallflower Press. Lev, P., 2000. American Films of the 70s: Conflicting Visions. TX: University of Texas Press. Maltby, R., 2003. Hollywood Cinema. MA: Blackwell Publishing. Morrison, J., 1998. Passport to Hollywood: Hollywood Films, European Directors. New York: State University of New York Press. McDougal, D., 2008. Five Easy Decades: How Jack Nicholson Became the Biggest  Movie Star in Modern Times. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Schaefer, D. and Salvato, L. 1984. Masters of Light: Conversations with  Contemporary Cinematographers. CA: California Universit y Press. Stone, B., 2000. Faith and Film: Theological Themes at the Cinema. MA: Chalice Press. This essay on One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest was written and submitted by user Rodolfo Mays to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Introduction Written by Ken Kesey in 1962, One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest is a masterpiece that became an immediate success after its publication.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is a story about a mental institution where mentally sick people are confined for easy management and treatment; nevertheless, at a closer look, the story deals with issues like insurrection against conformity among others that the United States of America was grappling with during this time. All the characters in this story have some mental defects; nevertheless, others like Chief Bromden claim to be normal but after scrutiny the reader realizes that he is suffering from a common psychological condition; paranoid schizophrenia characterized by hallucinations among others as explained later in this paper. This paper deals with the character, Chief Bromd en, his life, health, sickness and gives a diagnosis coupled with suggested treatment of his mental health condition. Bromden’s background gives insight to his possible mental health problem as exposited next. Background Chief Bromden is the longest serving patient in this Oregon mental institution where he has been confined for the last ten years. He says, â€Å"I’m the one been here on the ward the longest, since the Second World War† (Kesey 17). As the story opens up, Bromden is paranoid, hallucinated, and ever fearing the unknown. A fog that shields him from reality covers his life most of the time facilitated by humiliation he gets from other patients especially the â€Å"Black boys’ and Nurse Ratched popularly known as the Big Nurse. He loathes meeting the Black boys; he actually prefers to stay alone and play deaf and dumb. As aforementioned, fear of the unknown clogs Bromden’s mind and he cannot hide it, not from the Black boys for they, à ¢â‚¬Å"got special sensitive equipment that detects my fear†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kesey 3). His daily life is accustomed to bullying from the Black boys whom have nicknamed him â€Å"Chief Broom† due to his duties of mopping the floor. To confirm his suffering he says, â€Å"One swats the backs of my legs with a broom handle to hurry me past† (Kesey 3).Advertising Looking for report on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bromden has every reason to be paranoid as he reveals the contents of the Big Nurse’s handbag, which she uses in her daily duties, â€Å"wheels, and gears, cogs, needles, forceps, watchmakers’ pliers, and rolls of copper wires† (Kesey 3). It is important to note that, this is a mental institution manned by the Big Nurse and the above-mentioned tools are to be used to torture patients including Chief Bromden. On the other side, Bromden has personal issues far from the mental institution. He sees himself as a weak and small person despite the fact that he is 6 ft 8† tall. He admits that he used to be big but that is no more. His ‘bigness’ has disappeared to where he knows not. His confidence has melted away and its place taken by unfounded fear; something that he openly admits. He tries to remember the past but it brings equal fears as the mental hospital especially when he remembers a machine he calls Combine-a dark imagination of society as a conglobation of oppressive forces. Oppression to Bromden has been around since childhood. He recalls a time back when he was ten and some government officials visited his father, Chief Tee Ah Millatoona to discuss a possibility of buying a tribe land. Unfortunately, Bromden was alone in the house and the government officers acted as if he did not exist and this traumatized him greatly. Moreover, Bromden is named after his mother, Mary Louise Bromden, despite the fact that he had a father and people are named after their fathers insinuating a possibility of family problems. His past has nothing to celebrate; actually, â€Å"†¦like always when I try to place my thoughts in the past and hide there, the fear close at hand seeps in through the memory† (Kesey 6). This is the day-to-day life of Bromden coupled with trauma from electroshock treatments he received from the Big Nurse rumored to be around 200. Diagnosis Based on the information gathered from the background of Bromden’s life, he is suffering from paranoia also known as paranoid schizophrenia in modern psychiatry. â€Å"Paranoia is a thought process heavily influenced by anxiety or fear sometimes to the point of irrationality and delusion† (Freeman Garety 49). Kantor adds that, â€Å"Paranoid thinking typically includes persecutory beliefs concerning a perceived threat towards oneself† (96). From the background information about Bromden, it is evident that he suffers from paran oia. Bromden’s thought process is based on unfounded fears and anxiety.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is true at some point his fears are founded on threats and mistreatment from the Black boys and the Big Nurse; however, most of the time his fears are based on anxiety of uncertainty of events. Moreover, recent psychiatry has given important insight to this condition by indicating that it may result from ‘persecutory beliefs’. Bromden has every reason to belief in persecution. As aforementioned, oppression has been around Bromden since he was ten years old during that incidence when government officials visited their home only to behave as if Bromden was not around. As a small boy, Bromden was just like any other child and research indicates that children hardly forget traumatizing events in their lives. Therefore, there is a high probability that Bromden carried this experience into adulthood and that is how he became accustomed to persecutory beliefs. In another concealed indication, Bromden is named after his mother as opposed to the normal way of naming children after their fathers. This insinuates that there might have been family crisis with Bromden’s mother dominating over his father thus causing Bromden trauma as a child. This again, is a source of persecutory beliefs. The issue of fear leading to irrationality and delusion sets in here. Bromden admits that there is a cloud of fear that hovers over his head though he cannot say where it comes from. He says that whenever he tries to remember his past, the immediate fear clogs his mind (Kesey 6). These are unfounded fears. He fails to explain what he calls, ‘immediate’ fear and this aligns well with a paranoid person. Again, he admits to McMurphy that a ‘fog’ that shields him from reality covers his life. He says, â€Å"When the fog clears to where I can see, I am sitting in the day room (Kesey 8). This fog is only in his mind and that is why he realizes he is sitting in a day room after the fog in his mind clears – this is delusions. Moreover, he assumes that the society is made of conglobation of oppressive people and calls them the Combine. This is still delusions founded on one’s perception. The fact that the environment surrounding Bromden is hostile and oppressive, it does not mean the world is oppressive too. There are good people out there. Paranoid schizophrenia fits Bromden’s situation best compared to persecutory delusions and paranoid personality disorder. According to Kendler, Czajkowski and Tambs, â€Å"Paranoid personality disorder is a psychiatric diagnosis characterized by paranoia and a pervasive, long-standing suspiciousness and generalized mistrust of others† (1589). The fact that Bromden came to trust McMurphy later in the story disq ualifies this disorder together with persecutory delusions, which follows the same line.Advertising Looking for report on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Suggested Treatment Like any other psychological disorder, paranoid schizophrenia has no laboratory tests. Therefore, psychologists prefer symptom management to curing the same and this proves the old adage; prevention is better than cure, right. Nevertheless, several intervention measures have been put forward to counter this condition in cases where symptom management is not applicable. Parnas and Jorgensen note that antipsychotic medication is the first step towards paranoid schizophrenia treatment (625). This treatment counters the psychotic symptoms prevalent in individuals. The newest and better antipsychotic drug is perphenazine. However, this drug is expensive and Bromden would consider taking risperidone, quetiapine, olanzapine or ziprasidone for a period of eighteen months to improve the negative psychosis symptoms. Alternatively, Bromden would use olanzapine or clozapine; however, full dosage takes longer time thus raising the issue of patient compliance to take the full dose. Nevertheless, as aforementioned, non-drug intervention is the best form of therapy in dealing with paranoid schizophrenia. The best therapeutic interventions include both psychological and social interventions. â€Å"Psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy is widely recommended and used in the treatment of paranoid schizophrenia† (Moran 24). Psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy improves self-esteem, self-believe, and insight. Given the nature of Bromden’s situation, he is only disillusioned and psychotherapy tackles all these problems. Another option is, â€Å"cognitive remediation, a technique aimed at remediating the neurocognitive deficits sometimes present in schizophrenia† (Wykes. Brammer Mellers 146). This remediation has proved effective in the past and it would work for Bromden as well. Family members are another source of social intervention in this situation. Family members offer moral support and in most cases, they understand an individual better. Alternatively, education on the issue may help greatly once an individual understands how his/her problems work. In other cases, where medication, psychological, and social intervention have failed, â€Å"electroconvulsive therapy may be used† (Greenhalgh, Knight, Hind, Beverly Walters 150). Individuals may also consider movements formed by people suffering from the same condition like Paranoia Network. Finally, regular exercise has proved to be an all-time ‘therapy’, which counters most health conditions and paranoid schizophrenia, is not excluded. Conclusion One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest is a masterpiece revealing secrets that happens in mental institutions that many people do not know. Chief Bromden is one of the central characters; actually, he is the narrator of the story. From the beginning of the story, he is paranoid with a fog covering his mind most of the times. Unfounded fears dominate his thoughts coupled with anxiety. O ppression has been around him since he was ten. Based on the evidence gathered in his background information, Bromden suffers from paranoid schizophrenia. Fortunately, there are several measures to counter this condition. Among them is medication using antipsychotics, sociological and psychological interventions among others. Exercise can also play a big role towards dealing with this condition. Works Cited Greenhalgh, John, Knight, Cole, Hind, Dwight, Beverley, Charles Walters, Simon. â€Å"Clinical and Cost-Effectiveness of Electroconvulsive Therapy for Depressive Illness, Schizophrenia, Catatonia and Mania: Systematic Reviews and Economic Modeling Studies.† Health Technol Assess. 2005. 9 (9): 1–156 Freeman, David Garety, Paulson. â€Å"Paranoia: The Psychology of Persecutory Delusions.† Hove: Psychology Press, 2006. Kantor, Martin. â€Å"Understanding Paranoia: A Guide for Professionals, Families, And Sufferers.† Westport: Praeger Press, 2004. Kendle r, Kelly, Czajkowski, Nemaja Tambs, Knight. â€Å"Dimensional Representations Of DSM-IV Cluster a Personality Disorders in a Population-Based Sample Of Norwegian Twins: A Multivariate Study†. Psychological Medicine, 2004. 36 (11): 1583–91 Kesey, Ken. â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest.† New York; Penguin Group, 1976. Moran, Missy. â€Å"Psychosocial Treatment Often Missing From Schizophrenia Regimens† Psychiatric News, 2005. 40 (22): 24 Parnas, Joel Jorgensen, Andrew. â€Å"Pre-Morbid Psychopathology in Schizophrenia Spectrum†. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1989. 115: 623–7 Wykes, Taylor, Brammer, Myles Mellers, John. â€Å"Effects on the Brain of A Psychological Treatment: Cognitive Remediation Therapy: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging In Schizophrenia†. British Journal of Psychiatry, 2002. 181: 144–52 This report on One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest was written and submitted by user Billy Romero to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The skills we learn in school to became a sales pe Essays - Economy

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Effect of WWII and Pearl Harbor on the US In David Halberstam’s book, The Powers that Be, he states the following quote about World War II and Edward R. Murrow: â€Å"WWII was special and he was special.† World War II was special because it established the United States of America as one of the world’s superpowers, while the events at Pearl Harbor provided an example of how isolationism and detachment can lead to ignorance and subsequently, vulnerability. Murrow was also special, as he united the nation by detailing his experiences in the war front and setting forth a shift towards public transparency and enlightenment. The significance of the World War II and Murrow was their inspiration to achieve a level of awareness of foreign affairs in order to avoid a repeat of the events at Pearl Harbor and the wars influence on the rise of the United States. The hope for the United States to not get involved with World War II was never a realistic option. 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The significance of the attack on Pearl Harbor is not the attack itself but that it was such a shock and that we were unprepared for it. â€Å"The Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor decisively shattered the illusion of invulnerability that Americans had enjoyed ever since the end of the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century.† (Chafe et al, A History of our Time, page 9). Two lessons military strategists took from this experience was that â€Å"the nation’s military power must never again be allowed to atrophy† and that â€Å"technology and air power had so contracted the globe that America’s vaunted two-ocean barrier no longer afforded sufficient protection from external assault.† (Chafe et al, A History of our Time, pages 9-10). This episode of World War II not only drew the United States into the war but al so serves as a reminder of how past impartiality and ignorance left the United States vulnerable. While World War II left all the other participating countries devastated financially, territorially and militarily, the United States emerged relatively unscathed and actually stronger. â€Å"Of the major wartime combatants, only the United States emerged from the war stronger than when it began. The United States was the most powerful nation in the world.† (Chafe et al, A History of our Time, page 1). The total war nature of the war had brought together the people and citizens of the United States for the sole goal of victory. There was no separation between men, women, and children. Preparation of war helped boost the economy and eventually lead us out of the Great Depression. â€Å"The nation’s gross domestic product doubled between 1941 and 1945, bestowing the wonders of a highly productive, full-employment economy on a citizenry that had become accustomed to the deprivations imposed by a decade-long depression.† (Chafe et al, A History of our Time, page 8-9) . World War II had caused a breakdown of the European Empires and had established the United States as one of the new superpowers of the world. During World War II, a reporter by the name of Edward R. Murrow was broadcasting his first-hand experiences to the people of the United States. Unprecedented in broadcast journalism, Murrow put him and his team on the front line and in the action of the war. When Murrow caught wind that Adolf Hitler was going to Vienna to proclaim Anschluss with Austria, he flew to Vienna personally to cover the reaction of the people of Vienna in a March 13th 1938 broadcast. Murrow was also right there in the action during the dangerous times, such as the London Blitz. â€Å"I’m standing on a rooftop looking out over London For reason of national as well as personal security, I’m unable to tell you the exact location from which I’m speaking. Off to my left†¦ I can see just the faint red angry snap of antiaircraft bursts against the steel-blue sky†¦ Now you’ll hear two bursts a little nearer in a moment. There they are! That hard, stony sound.† (Murrow | M atusow, The Evening Stars, page 53). Murrow’s innovative broadcasts allowed the people of the United States to become aware of what was going on in the war, such as the London Blitz in the United Kingdoms, while America continued to exercise isolationism. Murrow’s ability to captivate the attention of and unify the American people stems from his mastery with words and his keen eye for talent. Murrow prepared his scripts by dictating them, as opposed to writing them, which made listeners feel like he was having a conversation and not just reading something. The details in his reports were stunning and provided listeners with strong visual images. â€Å"He had a flair for those small details that make a scene come alive; once he illustrated the eerie silence between air raids by putting his microphone next a pierced can of peaches, catching the sound of the syrup falling drop by drop.† (Matusow, The Evening Stars, page 52). Murrow connected to the American people by talking about the people they can relate to, the little people. â€Å"But I found that one bombed house looks pretty much like another bombed house. It’s about the people I’d like to talk, the little people who live in those little houses, who ha ve uniforms and get no decorations for bravery.† (Murrow, August 18th 1940). In addition to his prowess as a reporter, Murrow was also an excellent scout who surrounded himself with a strong staff. â€Å"Besides his gifts as a writer, reporter, and dramatist, Murrow was a superb judge of talent in others†¦ He looked for university graduates with a good, solid, print background. He didn’t care much what his recruits sounded like; they had to be able to think, and they had to be able to write.† (Matusow, The Evening Stars, page 53). Through his reporting, the people of America were able to become aware of the events of World War II despite the United States’ initial lack of participation. Murrow understood that the role of the press was to raise the level of awareness in the United States. He believed that news broadcasting was supposed to inform, not to just entertain. â€Å"This instrument can teach, it can illuminate; yes, and it can even inspire. But it can do so only to the extent that humans are determined to use it to those ends. Otherwise its nothing but wires and lights in a box. There is a great and perhaps decisive battle to be fought against ignorance, intolerance and indifference. This weapon of television could be useful.† (Murrow, RTNDA Speech, 1985). Murrow was special because he knew the importance of being well informed and he made sure to do that throughout his career as a reporter. World War II and Edward R. Murrow were significant because they helped contribute to the rise of the United States while highlighting the need for awareness of foreign affairs. While the United States ended up benefiting the most and losing the least from the war, the surprise attack by Imperial Japan on Pearl Harbor is still disturbing. American insistence on isolationism should not have left the United States so vulnerable to the surprise military strike. However, this event will go on to remind us never to allow ourselves be that ignorant again and to always be aware of foreign affairs. Murrow’s role in reporting also inspired America to be more aware of foreign affairs. His ability to captivate his American audience and articulate the details of the war front allowed the people of the United States to know what was going on in the war and how brutal it was. Had it not been for Murrow’s radio reporting, the United States may have not understood how important it was f or the United States to enter the war and put an end to Imperial Japan, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany and continue to exercise isolationism despite the attack on Pearl Harbor. Through World War II and Murrow, the United States not only established itself as a world’s superpower, but also provided the blueprint to maintaining this power.