Survivors: Conquering the Antarctica Rage

Organizations are in a constant need for a good leader – one who can stand out to deliver the desired ends and goals and in the process create leaders among its ranks as well. This is particularly true in our society today: driven by the increasing stress of competitiveness, material needs and wants as well as technological changes, an organization ceases to persist if it cannot develop and train a leader or a manager in every employee. The same is true in the health care industry where nurses and other health care providers have expanded responsibilities and now manages their own subordinates in order to deliver the best possible care that can be given to patients. Hence, within the framework of developing leaders and managers in every individual and surviving through challenges successfully, the story of Ernest Shackleton in Shackleton's Way and his conquest of the wrath of Antartica presents a valuable lesson in leadership, motivation and management. Consequently, his saga and heroism is not only contained in the literary and science journals but also in management, leadership, sociology and psychology as well. For one, his leadership style and the manner by which he managed his crew of 27 in a two-year ordeal, with every one going home safe is a classic and a remarkable display of character and organizational skills. This paper evaluates Shackleton’s Way written by Morell and Capparell (2002) in lieu with his leadership and management style particularly in choosing the right people for the job, creating camaraderie among the group, developing the strengths and overcoming the weaknesses of the individuals and forming groups to overcome obstacles and creating leaders in the process. Particularly, an analysis of Shackleton's leadership style, communication strategy, use of team management, conflict resolution and change innovation are explored in lieu with the ability of the whole crew to survive through the challenges of their Antarctica trip. This paper argues that meeting the desired goals/objectives of a group entails the commitment, the knowledge, skills and the positive attitude of individuals as directed by a good leader. Shackleton’s Way: Summary and Analysis Morrell and Capparell (2002) presented the dilemma of Shackleton's Way in this scenario: captured by the ice of Antarctica for two years with twenty (27) men in tow and very limited resources including gas, food, medicine and other resources, how can one man bargain to save their lives when negotiation with their captor is impossible? Morell and Capparell (2002) trace how the great Ernest Shackleton had turned this tragedy into a voyage that became a legend. In the first parts of the book, the authors traced the character and leadership style of Shackleton: amidst the rat race in the corporate world, he worked with respectful competitiveness and turned his bad experiences and weaknesses into lessons to make him a better person. Morrell and Capparell (2002) presented that the character that Shackleton would show in his voyage was shaped through his childhood years and were learned from his family. For instance, his exposure to different cultures made him realize the diversity of people and in learning different attitudes, behaviors and priorities. In succeeding chapters, we see Shackleton knowing the value of hiring the right people for the job. With his eye for optimism and talent, he gave the best renumeration possible to people he thought are the best in the job among those whom he interviewed. Knowing fully well that his people are competent, he abolished the traditional vertical hierarchy in organizations and instead created team management in order to make the crew realize their value in the whole expedition and the organization. This allowed him to get the best work done by each individual- making them realize their value and giving them importance through one-on-one talks. Through optimism and confidence, Shackleton was able to guide his people to the goal that he had laid down to achieve and resolving conflicts with justice and impartiality. More importantly, his team management and implementation of group dynamics- assigning teams, balancing them and ensuring that their tasks are proportional with their capabilities had been critical in their success. Furthermore, Shackleton in the process created leaders among his crew. After the expedition, he provided an invaluable insight to the group and how society can improve through his ways can still be applied today. As indicated, the primary strength of the book is how it provided the reader with a step-by-step account of how Shackleton's leadership was developed- including his personal history and extending into his business ventures and the Antarctic voyage. While several books have already provided us an account of Shackleton, no book has explored it using the leadership and management literature as much as how Morrell and Capparell (2002) traced and retraced the steps undertaken by Shackleton in succeeding Antarctica. For instance, in terms of Shackleton's leadership style, the authors started from his innate capacities as a leader and how he valued the process of recruitment using unique methods to determine character and in creating a group dynamics that allows for his talented crew members to provide their output. His leadership style is therefore democratic and he can be considered as a charismatic leader. Morrell and Capparell (2002) devoted a lengthy and informative showcase of how Shackleton can be considered as such- with confidence and optimism, he was able to facilitate and regroup his crew to attain the maximum possible output that he wants to attain. This was done first by showing them the overall picture and locating each crew from that plan. By doing so, Shackleton and the authors motivated the crew and showed how their plan will not work without one member. How could he have created such group coherence in the middle of so much conflict? The primary tool as aptly shown by the book is the manner by which Shackleton communicates with each crew member. He opted to resolve conflict through one-on-one discussions and through constructive conflict resolution. By trying to look for solutions instead of blaming, he was shown by the authors to be a good conflict negotiator. On this note, the authors have succeeded in showing the readers how communication can be done. In terms of team management, his group dynamics were clearly illlustrated by Morrell and Capparell (2002) when they examined how Shackleton divided his group into two- leaving 22 of his men in an island and bringing the others to find food. Choosing the ones who would be left behind due to illness and bringing the ones who can best deliver the goods showed how Shackleton maximizes their resources as well as in knowing who can best do the job. As a change innovator, Morrell and Capparell (2002) in the latter part of the book had showcased how the crew members became leaders in their own right after learning from Shackleton. Primarily, the strength of the book is that it can serve as an informative as well as an academic resource for all organizations. Second, the manner by which the narratives were sewn together to fit how leadership is through Shackleton's way makes the readers appreciate the value of leadership and of the organization. Finally, the book is entertaining enough to be read and understoob by a wide range of audience. On the other hand, the book's primary weakness is its inability to provide comparisons with other legendary leaders. This could have given the readers the chance to compare the leadership style of Shackleton with others. Consequently, in today's modern organization, the lack of connection and the attempt to apply it amidst workers of today seems to be missing. Implication and Application to Nursing and Health Care Practice Leadership is universal in nature- regardless of the organization and its needs, leaders have common characteristics that make them effective. In the healthcare organization, leadership is no longer the strictly vertical hierarchy- more and more independence is given to nurses and other practitioners. For one, the emergence of positions such as Licensed Vocational Nursing, Licensed Practical Nursing, Nursing Assistants, etc. ompels nurses to develop their own leadership styles. For instance, as a provider of care to patients, the nurse delegates’ tasks, supervises their subordinates, reports to their superiors as well as plan the care of the patient to reach the goals of care. Therefore, gone are the days when nurses are dependent on their physicians for their actions. Simil ar to the experiences of Shackleton, nurses and health care practitioners can gain important insights on how team management can be organized in order to provide continuous patient care. In nursing for instance, nurses works in functional system where each shift would have a nurse and allied professionals, the ability to coordinate, collaborate, negotiate with the team, allocate resources to ensure that all patients are given care, and pursue both short-term and long-term goals are now the roles of nurses. Consequently, nurses are considered to be the primary caretaker among health care professionals because they are the ones who are with the patients most of time. Therefore, nurses’ serve as advocates to physicians and other health care professionals. In doing so, the lack of leadership of nurses can lead to inadequate provision of care. Accordingly, Shackleton provided a valuable lesson on how nurses can rise up to the ranks to be head nurses, supervisors and even administrators in the same way that Shackleton's crew became successful managers and leaders. For one, as shown in the book, a leader becomes a follower first. Leading without knowing how to follow is disastrous. This is because the value of respect as shown through good communication and motivation can only be shown by someone who had been through the process of following. Thus, while there are innate qualities for leadership, it is highly developed. Consequently, strength of character particularly confidence, optimism and willpower which were essential qualities in the success of Shackleton are important qualities for nurses- not only in direct patient care but also in managing other staff nurses. Essentially, Shackleton's Way provides an insightful manner by which leadership is connected to character and how it can be honed in an organization. For health care practitioners and nurses, this book provides a vivid and comprehensive display on how leaders are made and how they handle people. Ethical, Political and Social Consequences of Shackleton’s Way While far from being the best leader in the literature, Shackleton's Way was able to impart the simplicity of how leadership can be done: that is showing compassion to your people and your goals, as well as respecting the rights of each individual. In doing so, one becomes an ethical leader and in the process, gains the respect of their members. For one, it could have been easy for Shackleton to abandon his crew and save himself or just bring the strongest ones to help him escape Antarctica. However, he worked in a way that would bring the best in every individual and in the process save them all. In present organizations, we see leaders and managers using people for their own advancement. It is common that those in the top positions use politics to get ahead. This is also true in our society- whether the government or in private sectors. It is almost impossible to say that one got ahead without stepping on another's shoe. However, the ethics and politics of leadership in Shackleton's Way believed and showed otherwise. For one, we see the purpose of Shackleton- it is ethically and morally sound: for all of them to survive regardless if he risks his own life in doing so. Even in the healthcare industry and particularly in politics, turn coating and saving one's own face has been very common- to a point where the youth regards it as the status quo. However, Shackleton's Way proved that leaders in any organization can choose the harder and more complicated way but one that is just, humane and effective.

Digital Crime and Terrorism Essay

Abstract The use of the Internet for criminal purpose is one of the most critical challenges facing the FBI and law enforcement in general. Understanding and using the Internet to combat Internet Fraud is essential for law enforcement. The fraud being committed over the Internet is the same Type of white collar fraud the FBI has traditionally investigated but poses additional concerns And Challenges, because of the new environment in which it is located. The Internet is a perfect vehicle to locate victims and provide the environment where the victims Don’t see or speak to the fraudulent. The Internet environment often creates a false sense of Security among users leading them to check out opportunities found on the Internet less Thoroughly than they might otherwise. Computer crime poses a daunting task for law Enforcement agencies because they are highly Technical crimes. Law enforcement agencies must Have individuals trained in computer science or computer forensics in order to properly to Properly investigate computer crimes. Computer crime is defined as any person that violates any Of the provisions of the following; unauthorized access to a computer system, Theft of computer Services, Interruption of computer Services, Misuses of computer system information, and Destruction of computer equipment. The general heading of computer crime can potentially Cover an array of offense by examining several existing definitions of computer crime, as well as Elements suggested as essential, some Have defined computer crime as any offense that uses or Somehow involves a computer. Role of Internet and crime The growth of the Internet has improved our economy, medicine and technology. Unfortunately, it has brought new opportunities for criminal activity, as well. Often, people Think cyber-crime simply refers to hacking, viruses and other intrusion tactics. Cyber- crime, However, threatens more than our businesses, economy or national infrastructure. Cyber- crime Affects us individuals, as well. Reprehensible crimes, such as child pornography and cyber Stalking, terrorize our children and our families. At the first hearing in this series, on May 24th, the Texas Deputy Attorney General for Criminal Justice testified that, quote, †One of the biggest problems is that computer criminals are targeting The most vulnerable of our society, children.† He pointed out that, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, child pornography was virtually extinct prior to the advent of the Internet. Now it is a serious plague on our society that must be stopped. Adults also experience the dark side of the Internet revolution. Using computer technology, Criminal types steal life savings and even identities of unsuspecting individuals. These pose Serious threats to the lives and the livelihoods of many individuals. But in addressing these areas Of crime, law-enforcement officers face several challenges. Identifying a sophisticated criminal Can be difficult. Once they are identified, bringing a criminal to justice may be problematic for Jurisdictional reasons. The criminal may be in a different State or even another country, and then law enforcement Officials must deal with extradition issues. Also, retrieving the information stored on a computer And using it for prosecution may be difficult if it requires highly technical skills not normally Taught to investigators or prosecutors. As long as there is technology, cybercrime will exist, yet Cybercrime must be curtailed as much as possible so that technology can legitimately continue To enrich our lives and strengthen our economy. Congress understands that law-enforcement officials must have the appropriate training and Equipment to fight fire with fire, or computer technology with computer technology; but Law-enforcement must remain cognizant of the need to protect the law-abiding publics Privacy while protecting the public. The public must understand that law-enforcement does need To use technology to deal with this new emerging threat to our children, our economy and our National security. Under current law, law-enforcement authorities must apply for the identical order in multiple Jurisdictions, causing burdens and delays that benefit no one but criminals. Congress should look At the possibility of a single order that would cover these kinds of requests comprehensively. Over the last decade, use of computers and the Internet has grown exponentially. Indeed, for Many individuals it is an integral part of their daily lives. With little more than a click of a Mouse, people can communicate, transfer information, engage in commerce, and expand their Educational opportunities. Unfortunately, criminals exploit these same technologies to commit Crimes and harm the safety, security, and privacy of us all. Indeed, as more people go online, More criminals are realizing that online crime can be lucrative, especially given the amount of Valuable commercial and personal information now being stored electronically. So-called †cybercrime† can be divided into two categories. On the one hand, we are seeing the Migration of †traditional† crimes from the physical to the online world. These crimes include Threats, child pornography, fraud, gambling, extortion, and theft of intellectual property. Simply Put, criminals are migrating online because they can reach more victims quickly, can collaborate With other criminals, can disguise their identities, and can use the global nature of the Internet to Remain anonymous. On the other hand, the Internet has spawned an entirely new set of criminal Activity that targets computer networks them. Included in this category are such crimes as Hacking, releasing viruses, and shutting down computers by flooding them with unwanted Information (so-called †denial of service† attacks). Our vulnerability to—and the damages caused By—this type of crime are astonishingly high. For example, in May of last year, the †I Love You† Virus began to infect computers on the Internet. Within a short period of time, it had disrupted the communications of hundreds of Thousands of computers, causing losses estimated in the billions of dollars. Virus demonstrated a new capability: when it infected a computer, it accessed the users Computer passwords and sent them electronically to a computer in a foreign country. The Implications of this virus—and the many viruses that have followed it—are staggering. In March of this year, the FBI’s National Infrastructure Protection Center issued a warning that An organized group of hackers from Russia and Eastern Europe had committed a series of Intrusions into more than forty banks and e-commerce companies in the United States. The Hackers stole over 1,000,000 credit card numbers from the companies’ data bases. They then Embarked on extortion of many of the companies, threatening to disclose confidential Information or damage the victims’ computer systems. Evidence suggests that the hackers then Sold many of the credit card numbers to organized crime groups. This crime—the investigation into which the Treasury Department participated and which has to Date resulted in two arrests—has grave implications. Not only did it cause financial losses for The Companies, but it harmed the privacy and security of the ordinary citizens whose credit Cards numbers and personal data were stolen. Individuals victimized by these sorts of Rightfully Fear the ramifications of criminals’ gaining access to their private financial and Personal data. This type of crime strikes at the confidence of consumers, threatening the vital Growth of e-commerce. Network crimes not only affect the security of individuals and businesses, they can also threaten Our nation’s critical infrastructures. Our power and water supply systems, telecommunications Networks, financial sector, and critical government services, such as emergency and national Defense services, all rely on computer networks. Cyber terrorist, the same devastating result could be achieved by hacking into the control Network and commanding the computer to open the floodgates. This is not a purely hypothetical Scenario. Several years ago, a juvenile hacker gained unauthorized access to the computers Controlling the operations of the Roosevelt Dam in Arizona. Although there are as yet no definitive statistics on the scope of the problem, there is no doubt That the number of crimes involving computers and the Internet is rising dramatically. For Example, the CERT Coordination Center, which was created to warn about computer attacks and Viruses, received over 21,000 network crime incident reports last year. This is more than double The number of reports it received the year before. Similarly, a survey conducted by the FBI and The Computer Security Institute recently revealed substantial increases in computer crime. Over 85 percent of the companies and government agencies surveyed reported computer security Breaches within the preceding twelve months, up from 70 percent last year. Moreover, Researchers at the University of California at San Diego recently reported a methodology that Enabled them to count the numbers of denial of service attacks. Their research revealed that 4,000 attacks occur every week. Responding to these threats is a daunting challenge. From my perspective, as I begin my assessment of our cybercrime efforts and the direction they Should take in the future, at least three themes or elements seem to emerge as particularly? Important to success in confronting cybercrime: developing specialized expertise, building Teamwork and partnerships, and assuring we have legal authorities which are both effective and Appropriate in the unique and ever-evolving setting of computers and the Internet. DEVELOPING SPECIALIZED EXPERTISE Combating computer crime requires a team of professionals, including investigators, forensic Experts, and prosecutors, all of whom have technical expertise. In addition to traditional Investigative skills, cybercrime investigators must be well versed in the intricacies of technology To insure that evidence is not lost or overlooked. Forensic experts must know how to handle Electronic evidence to protect its integrity for later use at trial, as well as how to recover and Analyze digital evidence from computers with hard drives that store gigabytes of data. And Prosecutors must understand the jargon and complexities of high-technology crimes and be able To translate technical evidence into a form understandable to a judge and jury. United States law enforcement agencies have devoted significant resources to developing cadres Of investigators and forensic experts who have the specialized skills needed for cybercrime Investigations. The FBI and Secret Service, which have particularly important investigative Responsibilities with respect to Internet and computer-related crimes, have certainly been in the A particularly important aspect of developing, and then sharing expertise in the field is the Nationwide network of federal prosecutors called Computer and Telecommunications Coordinators (or †CTCs†)—at least one from each district—who serve as the district’s Prosecutorial expert on computer crime cases. The CTC initiative was started by CCIPS in 1995, And has been strongly supported by our U.S. Attorneys. CCIPS trains and supports these Coordinators specially, so that they, in turn, can serve as a resource for their offices and the law Enforcement authorities and concerned industry in their regions of the country. In the Criminal Division, specialized expertise in combating cybercrime is not confined to CCIPS. Other sections have developed this expertise as traditional forms of criminality have Moved onto the Internet. For example, the Department has seen dramatic growth in various types of fraudulent online Schemes, and the Criminal Division’s Fraud Section has played a critical role in the Justice Department’s response, including overseeing a Department-wide Internet Fraud Initiative begun In 1999. Its work to date has included (1) advising and supporting federal prosecutors throughout The country, including maintenance of an Internet fraud brief bank; (2) developing specialized Training on Internet fraud for courses at the Department’s National Advocacy Center; (3) Publishing extensive materials on the Department’s website, www.internetfraud.usdoj.gov, in Order to promote public understanding of Internet fraud schemes and how to deal with them; and (4) Supporting improvements in federal agencies’ investigative and analytical resources, Including the Internet Fraud Complaint Center, a joint project of the FBI and the National Collar Crime Center. The Department has also been involved in the related problem of identity Theft, in part by providing national coordination of governmental efforts through the Identity Theft Subcommittee of the Attorney General’s Council on White Collar Crime. Of course, one of the most disturbing facets of cybercrime is the exploitation and abuse of Children, whether through distribution of child pornography over the Internet or through the Horrific conduct of sexual predators that operate online. The FBI, the U.S. Attorneys’ Offices, And the Division’s Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section have developed special expertise In Investigating and prosecuting these crimes and currently devote significant resources to the Online aspects of child pornography and luring cases. Moreover, in this area and others, the Department’s Office of Legal Education, in conjunction with various components of the Criminal Division regularly sponsors classes regarding computer crime and electronic evidence. BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS As I noted at the beginning of my statement, the second element which seems particularly Important to our efforts against cybercrime is partnership building. Of course, from years as a Prosecutor, I know that teamwork is essential to any successful crime-fighting effort. But it Strikes me that in the area of cybercrime the need for effective partnerships, is not only Especially important but also requires partnerships well outside the traditional law enforcement Community. The complexity of cybercrime and the breadth, or potential breadth of its Impact, are part of the reason. However, another factor is the diversity of interests at play in the Cyber-world, and hence in our efforts to combat cybercrime. These include, among others, law Enforcement Interests, national security interests, privacy interests, and Commercial interests. Partnership, or at least dialogue, we will allow those interests to conflict and collide in ways Destructive of our efforts to combat cybercrime. VIRUSES AND MALICOUS CODE Viruses and malicious code are simply programs and like any other program, are designed for a Specific function. A virus or malicious code program is written for a variety of noncriminal Purposes including advertisements, jokes, and political messages, however, less humorous and More malicious intentions include destroying data, information, information acquisition, and Identity theft, surreptitious control of a remote machine, or the shutdown of a legitimate business Or website. The virus is executed by some type of payload trigger, which causes the virus or Malicious code to deliver its contents or execute its commands. The trigger can be something The user does, such as opening an email attachment or downloading a file, it can be triggered By some event such as date or condition on a computer, or it can self- execute based on code Written into the virus program. PHISHING The term phishing means the fraudulent attempt to get a person’s private information (i.e. Username, password, account number, etc.).   Phishers send an email pretending to be from a legitimate company and ‘bait’ you to provide your Private information. Typically the email will address you as a customer and will direct you to Click on a link to provide critical information to avoid a looming problem which they have Discovered. This link will be to a false website – not the website of the legitimate company. Basically, they are ‘fishing’ for people’s information to use illegally. Phishing is a very Sophisticated scam and many individuals and companies have been fooled, resulting in the theft ‘Of their sensitive information as well as millions of dollars every year. The email is usually designed to look like it is sent from a real company. The ‘bait’ for personal Information is often contained in the email’s subject line. The subject usually contains a sense of Urgency. For example, it will read in one’s inbox â€Å"Your account needs to be verified† or â€Å"Your Account is about to be suspended.† CONCLUSION It is important to note that computer security is always dependent on the weakest link in the Chain. Security on the Internet and exposure to a potential attack is contingent upon the security Or lack thereof, of other parts of the network. It is also important to note that there is an Increasing number of dedicated infrastructure attacks. The interdependency of systems connected To the Internet used to carry out day-to-day business is ever growing and increasingly being Relied upon by variety of businesses, governments, and a numerous of other operations. There are four categories DDoS, worms, attacks on the Internet Domain Name System (DNS) And attacks against or using routers. Any attacks describe from my research could lead to Denial Of Service, compromise of sensitive or personal information, misinformation, and an extreme Economic impact, largely from lost revenue and the time and resources necessary to recover. Reference Second Edition Digital Crime and Digital Terrorist (Robert W. Taylor, Eric J. Fritsch, John Liederbach, and Thomas J. Holt) www.pearsonhighered.com Grossman, M. (Feb. 1999) â€Å"Cyber terrorism† http://www.mgrossmanlaw.com/articles/1999.cyberterrorism.htm Computer Security Policy and Research Institute. http.//www.cpi.seas.gwu.edu/aboutus.html www.research.ibm.com/antivirus www.internetfraud.usdoj.gov

A Study On Gatt And WTO Economics Essay

A Study On Gatt And WTO Economics Essay In this section I will discuss what was GATT. GATT stands for General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Countries first signed this document in 1947. This agreement was designed to encourage free trade between member states. It encouraged free trade by regulating and reducing tariffs the countries imposed on tradable goods. It also provided an international forum to settle trade disputes. 110 countries have now signed on to GATT. GATT was in existence until 1995, when a new international governing body on international trade was created to replace it. This new organisation is the WTO. WTO In this section I will describe what the WTO is. The WTO stands for the World Trade Organisation. The WTO was created to replace the GATT. The Bretton Woods agreement of 1944 was created to help with the financial consequences of rebuilding Europe after World War Two. It would also try to ensure that major world depressions would not occur. The IMF and World Bank were created to help achieve this. Ho wever, an organisation to regulate trade between countries was also required. The GATT was initially set up, but the WTO was created in 1995 to succeed this. As it states on their own website (www.wto.org), ‘ the World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.’ The WTO has nearly 150 members. Trade between these members accounts for 97% of the worldwide trade. How does the WTO work? In this section I will describe how the WTO operates and who the members are. The main point to note about the WTO is that it does not set rules on its own. This makes it different from the other two organisations set up by the Bretton Woods agreement. The WTO is more of an international forum where trade negotiations are discussed. It then ensures that outcome of the negotiations are undertaken. The WTO has many member states. Each state has a representative that sits on the council. Each representative has only one vote when it comes to decisions. This is different to the IMF as on the IMF the more powerful, developed countries have greater power. The one vote to one member policy that the WTO has is designed to ensure greater fairness with regards to trade negotiations. However, in the past, Europe, USA and Japan have dominated. This domination is to be upset with the introduction of China into the WTO. This will now mean that the developing world has a major voice at trade negotiations. The process of decision-making is undertaken by all member states. All members vote on specific decisions and the outcome of negotiations are usually by consensus. A majority vote can also be used, but this is extremely rare. Below this level are numerous specialised committees, working groups and working parties that deal with individual agreements and various other areas concerned with environment, developm ent, membership applications and regional trade agreements. What does the WTO do?

Case Study - Groups and Teams in Organisation Essay

Case Study - Groups and Teams in Organisation - Essay Example The use of virtual teams in every aspect of the business leads to significant communication issues with many subtleties of the messages being lost due to the limited ability of virtual teams in the field of communication. This pose a danger to the company in case important points might get missed out. Hence it is very important to eliminate this problem. Teams form an integral part of the present business world. Most of the tasks are carried out by a team rather than an individual. Teams can be of various kinds: Project teams with team members having complimentary skills; natural work team with team members having overlapping skills; self-directed team with the members managing the team by themselves or a virtual team where members are based out of different locations and collaborate through communication techniques (Scholtes et al., 2003). In order to work efficiently and effectively, teams shall have clearly defined purposes and goals, scope and boundaries of work, knowledgeable and skilled members, and access to resources such as data and communication tools. Virtual teams can be defined as teams crossing time zones, distance and organizational boundaries through the use of technology (Lipnack and Stamps, 1999). Virtual teams present a promising solution to the recent phenomenon of globalization. However, team problems are more i n virtual environment. The use of virtual teams for all the business purposes at VeriFone has increased communication issues amongst the team members. In order to remove these issues, we need to train the employees about the intricacies of working in a virtual team. We shall train the employees in the areas of cross-culture team collaboration and the usage of appropriate communication tools. In order to make sure that no point is missed, we shall try to use two modes of communication for every piece of information that we may want to

Quantitative Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quantitative Critique - Essay Example A baseline pretest (T1) and two posttests at 1 month (T2) and 6 months (T3) were conducted after the experimental intervention or usual care. To measure the emotional distress among African American mothers, they used the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) scale. This 20-item scale assesses the frequency of feelings or behaviors such as the blues, loneliness, thinking one's life is a failure, and difficulty concentrating. Items are rated on a 4-point rating scale ranging from 0 (rarely) to 3 (frequently).Another test was used to assess mood or general affective state. This was the Profile of Mood States (POMS), a 65-item rating scale where respondents rate the frequency with which they experience these feelings using a 5-point rating scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). Stigma was measured using the Demi HIV Stigma Scale, where content validity of the 3-item scale was supported through steps used in its development. This included literature on stigma associated with chronic illness and HIV to identify items as well as revisions based on focus group data from African American women with HIV w ho examined the items. Lastly, Miles et al.

THE SUCCESS COMMERCIALISATION OF FRANKLIN INSTITUTE Essay

THE SUCCESS COMMERCIALISATION OF FRANKLIN INSTITUTE - Essay Example Franklin Institute appeals mostly to people who have the passion for arts and this is perhaps the reason for her success story in commercializing itself and making her a most sought-for institute. This research aims to study what might have made Franklin Institute successful. It would not simply be a research about a school has come about but more so, it is done in order to establish a better comprehension about how one might succeed in similar or other endeavors as well. As global commercialization is placed at the forefront, it is important to know the aspects that make an institute successful. In line with Franklin Institute, it is assumed that the museums established to attract contributors and students alike, play the greatest role in its success. Therefore, in this paper, the link between commercialization and museums will be examined more closely. Franklin Institute is located at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It established its first museum in 1934 making it one of the first han ds-on science museums in the country (fi.edu). This made the institute very popular, attracting visitors from every corner and consequently, attracting talented students. As the years passed and technology has advanced, changes have been made in the institute to meet the demands and needs of a fast-changing community. The resiliency of the school made it more possible for it to maintain the success and popularity it has gained for decades through hard work and dedication. As other institutes tried to look into what Franklin Institute was doing, they embraced the concept of putting up museums as attractions to their own schools. However, not all schools have been successful as Franklin. Knowing that people’s needs and wants change over time, Franklin Institute engaged in improving the first attractions of the school and that is probably what keeps the institute surviving even in this time of great competitions. In line with the effects museums have for people, Jehra Patrick wr ote in her blog the results of her research on what attracts people to museums that might have affected the success of Franklin Institute. She names exploration among the top reason why people go to museums. The blogger observes that even people who are not inclined to art, science and technology are very curious so that they feel they have a need to explore what are inside museums. Some seek experience while others know that they have a knowledge that other people must share with them so that they act as facilitators when they go to museums. Professionals and hobbyists also find a wealth of information and ideas inside the museums while still others find the place as a hide-away where they can run from all the troubles in the world (Patrick). With the reasons listed above, it is seen that they include various people from a wide diversity, making the prospects of museum-goers really huge in number It is known that the higher percentage of learning is acquired through the eyes. For t his reason, museums are not just built for adults but for children as well. Museums are safe places to bring children to visit. Unlike parks and other recreational places, the museum caters to smaller number of people which makes it safer for children to be in. Moreover, the sights encourage questions from the children which will start a learning experience not only for the children but the

Personal statement for an MAB for international student

For an MAB for international student - Personal Statement Example With the guidance of the MBA program of your university, I hope could learn how to manage the business, understand the business environment and learn strategies that are considered important in managing a business. From my personal experience as an assistant manager in our own company and proper education that I will learn from your university, I want to establish also a teaching career in King Saudi University right after graduation. I have completed an undergraduate course of Business management at University of Colorado Denver, and I believe pursuing a Masters Degree in Business Administration in Shenandoah University would help me become successful in business and as an educator. Â  I will not stop with an MBA degree because my long term plan includes a higher degree of learning, and I plan to finish post graduate studies in Human Resources Management. My interest in human resources stemmed from my relations with personnel, clients, suppliers and other personal contacts during m y stint as Assistant Manager of the company.

The Application of Nietzsche's Principles to Society Essay

The Application of Nietzsche's Principles to Society - Essay Example Nietzsche's "evolution of morality" points out that morality has been defined differently in different period of history and that different people living at different periods in history have influenced the current meaning of morality. This paper argues that the current meaning of morality has been shaped by traditional views of justice or theories of justice that are shaped and molded by human nature. By this, I mean that if human beings we able to put their natural tendencies aside, then morality and justice, including all the theory and the modern justice system could be unnecessary. If everybody were able to "transcend" to a certain level, then we would not need the justice system, as everybody would behave accordingly. History of the Concept of Morality Basically, morality is the manner in which humans resolve their issues or problems following explicit rules or a set of codes of behavior. The issue of the connection between evolution and morality has been under discussion for a long time particularly after Darwin’s â€Å"Origin of Species† in which he argued that natural selection acts for the sole benefit of each being. This meant that the humans would design moral codes for the sole purpose of benefiting themselves hence increasing their survival chances (Nietzsche Web). Darwin’s work, â€Å"The Descent of Man,† which posited that the human moral sense had an evolutionally justification triggered more discussion on the issue of the human moral sense. According to Aristotle, childhood nurture plays the major part in the advancement of moral character. Evolution of morality is the view that human morals have undergone progressive modifications through history. However, Nietzsche developed numerous concepts regarding morality particularly if evolution, which I will make use of in this paper (Nietzsche Web; Leiter 35-44; Gayon Web). Nietzsche and the Concept of Morality Nietzsche felt that previous genealogies had failed to expoun d on the evolution of human morals. Nietzsche criticized the genealogists who had written works showing correlation between origin of morality and the concepts of morality. He felt that there is no direct correlation between origin of something and its usage. According to Nietzsche, there are two types of morality, which he referred to as the master and the slavery morality. The master morality is the kind of morality that dominates and does not require approval and is responsible of determining the human values. It is this kind of morality that leads to creation on human classes since morals are developed due to the need for humans to propagate themselves (Nietzsche Web; Solomon 22-30). On the other hand, slave morality is â€Å"essentially a morality of utility† and originates from resentment. The slave morality arose when the slaves were discontented with the kind of treatment they received from their masters. At some point, they stated considering the actions of their mas ters to be evil. This contributed to the development of the concept of good and evil, which still forms part of today’s concept of morality (Nietzsche Web). The slave and master morality find its roots in the historic slavery in which the masters thought they were not causing any harm to the slaves but instead thought they were making them stronger by making them work

Economics of Race and Gender Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economics of Race and Gender - Article Example It is because this discriminatory attitude is deeply rooted in one’s subconscious and it will take years of relentless struggle to wipe out this unethical approach from the society. It is emphasized by the movie’s director that even in the present competitive age, countless people still view, treat, and assess others on the basis of their cultural, ethnic, and racial backgrounds. The distinguished feature of this riveting movie is that it shows a mixed pot while taking care that the element of interest lasts till the end of the story. One finds the lives of various characters from entirely different racial backgrounds intertwined in such a way in this movie that everyone crashes or bumps into each other. Basically, every character in this movie has a different racial background and the individual interactions among them are portrayed in such a manner that the viewers cannot help but appreciate the reality and significance of the pervading discriminatory notions in the society. Each furious and provoking incident is tried to be presented as realistically as possible and that is an effort which is too conspicuous to ignore if this movie is scrutinized deeply. The movie starts with a car accident involving a female detective and an Asian woman, who start fighting each other and exchange racial insults straight-off. The way this incident is portrayed is too heart-touching and a sudden idea dawns on the viewers that the world is no yet free of unjustified biases despite many tedious efforts. This incident is then followed by a row reflecting racial biases between a Persian man and a gun shop owner, who refuses to hold any transaction with the Persian man owing to his religious background . Finally, the Persian man had to leave the gun shop seriously infuriated, while his daughter Dorri endured verbal sexual insults from the shop owner. After that, the scene between the district attorney, his wife and two black car hijackers also plainly shows paranoia, suspicion,

Critical Mission of Homeland Security Essay Example for Free

Critical Mission of Homeland Security Essay The Department of Homeland Security was created after the attacks of September 11, 2001. The Department was formed by merging many exiting resources and adding to the best practices already in place. The Strategic Objectives of the Department are stated by the Department as â€Å"We will lead the unified national effort to secure America. We will prevent and deter terrorist attacks and protect against and respond to threats and hazards to the Nation. We will secure our national borders while welcoming lawful immigrants, visitors, and trade. â€Å" (Homeland Security). Critical Mission of Homeland Security The critical missions of Department of Homeland Security are to prevent, protect, respond and recover. Through utilization of all available technology and resources the primary mission is to prevent an aggressive act. If they are unable to prevent the incident the department will shift focus to protection. Protect as many citizens as possible from any imminent incident. If the incident could not be prevented the Homeland Security officials will respond to whatever the results are of the incident. This response could be in the way of coordinating with other agencies to provide the care and safety needed by the population in the affected area. The final mission is to recover from the incident. Although each mission is defined as a single mission in practice they are often interlinked in execution. While protecting citizens from an incident the agency at the same time may be proactively responding to the results of the incident. The recovery mission is over lapped in many areas by the response mission. Four Foundations of Homeland Security The National Strategy for Homeland Security has defined four foundations of homeland security. These foundations are; law, science and technology, information sharing and systems, and international cooperation. Each of these play a key part in providing for our national security. Identification and enforcement of the law. We have to know exactly what we are enforcing. Use of science and technology in each of the four critical mission areas. Information sharing was something various government agencies were not very effective at prior to 9/11. Since then Homeland Security has been working on removing many of the communication silos that were prevalent in the past. By open communication with several agencies overall effectiveness is improved. International cooperation is the final of the four foundations that has to be built upon. With terrorist moving from nation to nation and planning many of the attacks from foreign soil we have to work with all nations. International borders have to be permeable in today’s war on terror. Virginia Office of Commonwealth Preparedness The Commonwealth of Virginia has their own Department of Homeland Security. In Virginia it is called The Office of Commonwealth Preparedness. This office mirror many of the processes and objectives of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The Office of Commonwealth Preparedness works to make sure that all of the residents and businesses of the Commonwealth are safe, secure and prepared. Criminal Law and Civil Law Criminal Law and Civil Law are very different types of proceedings. Civil Law is usually a case between tow individuals or business entities. Criminal Law is a case between a person and a government. Civil Law In Civil Law a person is involved in litigation with another person or business. These are usually divorce cases, law suits due to injury at a place of business, or bankruptcy cases. Civil law never involves incarceration of either party because of the civil proceedings. There are some Civil cases that may become criminal cases. Stalking a spouse you are involved in a civil divorce proceeding with will lead to criminal charges being filed against the stalker. Civil law will never result in the incarceration of the guilty party. Fines in a Civil Law case are often paid to the other party in the proceeding. Criminal Law In Criminal Law there is a crime committed against society, or that endangers society by the action. Murder is a Criminal Law case. Although there may be only one victim the perpetrator of the criminal act may do so again. Therefore, society must be protected from this person. Driving while intoxicated is also a criminal law case. Even though no member of society may have been harmed by the act of driving under the influence. There was a danger posed to society by the act of driving under the influence. Criminal law cases may result in incarceration or probation of the guilty party. Fines judged in a Criminal Law case are paid to the governing body prosecuting the case. Incarceration for Misdemeanor Crimes The main difference in the two types of crimes misdemeanor and felony is the amount of possible incarceration if convicted. A felony is a more serious crime and if convicted the accused could be sentenced to incarceration for a term greater than one year or death. Misdemeanor crimes are less serious offences and if convicted will result in incarceration of less than a year if at all. I do not think those convicted of a misdemeanor should be incarcerated unless the person demonstrated no willingness to be rehabilitated through other means. Running a red light is a misdemeanor. Incarcerating this person for a period of time will serve no purpose in rehabilitation. The only outcome in this incarceration would be increase cost to the taxpayer of the community and increased crowding of jails. This accused will probably learn their lesson by paying a fine and undergoing a traffic safety class. The penalty of the crime will drive a lesson home to the accused. The taking a class will increase the general safety of the public. The current volume of cases on our court systems and the high cost of incarceration forces us to take a more lenient approach for misdemeanor crimes. Many in society would rather a person creating a danger to the public be off the streets rather than someone convicted of running a traffic light or petty theft. The penalty should be designed to make restitution and lead to rehabilitation of the accused. When we balance the crime with the penalty then we can have a better society. Bibliography Homeland Security. (2008). Department of Homeland Security. One Team, One Mission, Securing our Homeland. Retrieved 20 March 2009, from, http://www. dhs. gov/xlibrary/assets/DHS_StratPlan_FINAL_spread. pdf

Animal Cruelty effects and relating laws

Animal Cruelty effects and relating laws Different types of animal cruelty have ee around for many years. Laws relating to animal cruelty vary from state to state. As of 2009, about forty-six states  have some felony provisions in their anti-cruelty and/or animal fighting laws (Wisch, 2005). As time passes and new things are being invented, people seem to loose interest in their pets. Even though people use animals for their testing/experiments, there are other ways to get a solution to something. Scientist and many others, find it easier and safer to test on animals than to test on other possible sources. They test products such as makeup, and cologne. They also use animal fur for designer clothing other types of fashion. Innocent animals are being used for useless products that we can live without. Many animals die due to different types of crucial testing. They suffer by going through several procedures. The goal is not to patch up ailing people but to use the human tissues in place of mice, dogs or other lab animals for testing new drugs, cosmetics and other products (New York Times, nd). With the donation of human cells, animal testing will be reduced. This way is safer can be both suited for animals and humans. If the animal- rights movement had a bible, it is Singers 1975 book, Animal Liberation  (New York Times, Jan. 15, pg 30).  Singer calls many of the attitudes human beings have toward other animals speciesism, a concept which can be found throughout history ( Gargaro, 1991). Humans are just like animals as far as feeling pain. Eight billion animals are killed each year in this country for food. More than a thousand animals are killed and shipped to groceries stores to be bought. Slaughtering of cows, pigs, and other animals, happen everyday because consumers keep purchasing meat. Animals on todays factory farms are kept in crowded, filthy enclosures and denied everything natural and enjoyable to them. Most of them have no legal protection from cruelty that would be illegal if it were inflicted on  dogs  or  cats. There are some fruits or vegetables that can give the same protein as meat. The  Humane Slaughter Act  requires that animals be rendered unconscious with one swift application of a stunning device before slaughter.  Animals in slaughterhouses can smell the stench, hear the sounds and often see the slaughter of those before them. As the animals struggle from fright, the human workers who are pressured to keep the lines moving quickly often react with impatience towards the animals.   Numerous cases of deliberate cruelty have been reported including workers who took sadistic pleasure from shooting the eyes out of cattle, striking them in the head, and electrically shocking them in sensitive areas of their bodies. As for the chemistry of the central nervous and endocrine systems, there is no difference between humans and other animals. All free-range, factory-farmed, egg-laying, dairy-producing, or wool-bearing animals that dont first die from disease are trucked to the slaughterhouse.   To minimize costs, animals are crowded and must live in each others excrement.   They are exposed to extreme weather conditions in the open trucks.   Shipping fever, which can be fatal, is common in cattle transported long distances to the feedlots, the stockyards and then the slaughterhouse (Compassionate Action Institute, nd). Animal cruelty can be either deliberate abuse or simply the failure to take care of an animal. Either way, and whether the animal is a pet, a farm animal, or wildlife, the victim can suffer terribly. People with emotional problems may beat, shoot, or stab animals or set them on fire. Neglect is not giving an animal the right food, water, shelter or vet care. Their misery goes on for so long; animals who die of neglect can suffer just as much as animals who are harmed on purpose. All U.S. states have animal cruelty laws, and 47 states treat some forms of abuse as felonies.  Farmers  and  researchers  can do cruel things to animals that other people cant do legally, but all states have some protection for pets like dogs and cats. There are different cases in animal cruelty, for example cockfighting and dog fighting. Animal cruelty has not gone away. In Brea, California, 85 children, ages ranging from kindergarten through 12th grade, witnessed a cow being slaughtered at Carbon Canyon Christian School, according to PETA Action Alerts. The rational for having the students witness this cruel act was that they could see this act, instead of only experiencing it through the books they had read during the year. Chances are if an animal is being abused and there is a child in that household, then the child is also being abused. Chances are that a child abus ing an animal can grow up to be someone who commits other violent crimes. Studies also found that a history of animal abuse was found in 25% of male criminals, 30% of convicted child molesters, 36% of domestic violence cases and 46% of homicide cases (The National Animal Abuse Registry, nd). While prosecution of animal cruelty cases is generally considered the exclusive purview of law enforcement, veterinarians who routinely examine and treat sick and injured animals occupy a unique role in the legal process of identifying cruelty and bringing its perpetrators to justice. People engage in animal cruelty, otherwise known as animal abuse, in every city throughout the world. There are many reasons why people mistreat animals some individuals act on sadistic desires others act unintentionally, harming animals with their carelessness. But the true abuse is systemic, involving the choices we make as a collective. Animals are used as dummies because people think they arent harming anyone by doing so. In the past few years, organizations and individuals have been using the power of the internet to spread awareness of animal cruelty facts a great sign considering animal abuse will only continue on a massive scale until enough people come face-to-face with the statistics. To fight this abomination, activists, scientists, authors, lawyers, and politicians have sacrificed their valuable time and money, occasionally their lives, to save suffering animals. With gratitude to those who accumulate animal cruelty facts and educate the populace, people are finally ta king notice of suffering animals and the mistreatment they undergo.

I Stand Here Ironing: Character Analysis of Emily Essay -- Tillie Olse

The short story â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† (1961) by Tillie Olsen is a touching narration of a mother trying to understand and at the same time justifying her daughter’s conduct. Frye interprets the story as a â€Å"meditation of a mother reconstructing her daughter’s past in an attempt to express present behavior† (Frye 287). An unnamed person has brought attention and concern to her mother expressing, â€Å"‘She’s a youngster who needs help and whom I’m deeply interested in helping’† (Olsen 290). Emily is a nineteen-year-old complex girl who is atypical, both physically and in personality. Emily’s upbringing is plagued with difficulties. She is the first-born of a young mother and the eldest of five brothers and sisters. As a baby, she is constantly left at the care of others while her mother had to work after her father abandons them. Additionally, she is often sick, triggering a series of events that have emotionally affected her life. She definitely experiences a â€Å"stressful growth† (Frye 288). As a little girl, Emily clearly indicates to be unlike most children her age. For starters, various illnesses tremendously affect Emily’s physique which makes her look different compared to other little girls. Even her mother expresses â€Å"All the baby loveliness gone† (Olsen 291), after had gotten chicken pox. Another consequence derived from being constantly sick is that she looks fragile, â€Å"Skeleton thin† (Olsen 292). Unfortunately, she is full aware of not fulfilling the stereotype of a girl her age and she does not like it, Olsen’s narrator clearly states: She fretted about her appearance, thin and dark and foreign-looking at a time when every little girl was supposed to look or thought she should look a chubby blonde replica of Shirl... ... affect her future. Certainly, Emily is remarkably different in many ways due to a â€Å"troubled, lonely childhood† (Frye 288). She has a series of features that makes her unique. In terms of physical appearance, she is thin and dark looking because of health problems. As for personality she is insecure however behaves well and she does not show her emotions. Perhaps her complexity gives the idea or the impression that she needs help and people perceive her as a troubled girl. Works Cited Frye, Joanne S. "'I STAND HERE IRONING': MOTHERHOOD AS EXPERIENCE AND METAPHOR." Studies in Short Fiction 18.3 (1981): 287. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 17 Mar. 2011. Olsen, Tillie. â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing.† Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mendell. Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing. Compact Seventh Edition. Boston: Wadsworth, 2011. 290-296. Print.

Censorship :: essays research papers

Censorship My life has been nothing but censorship since the time I was born. When I was very young and lived in Chicago there were all sorts of interesting things around to play with. My parents physically censored me by putting me in "baby prison." They felt that certain things needed to be censored from me because of their potential danger. So I was kept out of harms way in the playpen or crib. As I grew older and was no longer watched by my parents 24 hours a day, I realized that I was censored by others. In school, it was constantly no to this and no to that. All that negativity is not good for children, all day long. It was always interesting to me as to why we recited the pledge of allegiance in school, what if you are not American? I also was not allowed to watch the news. My parents felt it was "real violence", and not appropriate for me, that was parental censorship. When I was old enough to go out with my friends I became confused when my parents said I could see an "PG-13" rated movie but the theater wouldn't let me in. When I argued that "my parents said I could go see it!!", the theater management always said things like I need to be 13 or must be accompanied by a parent and so on. I then proposed this question, my parents said I could see it, now why can't I see it? The answer to that question is the government doesn't think I am old enough. My mom said live with it, there is nothing you can do. I think that made me more inquisitive. That was just the beginning, I was too young to go on certain rides and too young to go into stores like Sharper Image and I was too young to purchase the music that I really enjoyed. When I was able to get my hands on a Compact Disc I had wanted, it sometimes had a "Explicit Lyrics" warning sticker on it. I would go home, listen and enjoy only to get lectured by my parents. They said things such as; you can't have anything that contains profanity, or any type of objectionable material. "Then again I am only going to encounter it in the real world!!!", I would reply. Obviously there are many different views to take on this issue, and I knew there was a long and difficult battle ahead of me until I was 18. I contend that censoring music is a necessary evil but, it should be

Smoking Cigarettes :: Argumentative Persuasive Example Essays

In 1990, 72 million bottles of a popular mineral water were voluntarily recalled because of small traces of benzene. The smoke from one pack of unfiltered cigarettes has as much benzene as 169 bottles of the contaminated water. Main points What’s in a cigarette? What’s are the effects What’s a smoking addiction What’s in a cigarette? In a cigarette there are many bad substances. Some of them that are listed behind me are: Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen oxides Hydrogen cyanide, Ammonia, Nicotine, Tar, and many other toxic irritants. Tobacco smoke is a mixture of gases and small particles made up of water, tar and nicotine. The tar is a mixture of hundreds of toxic chemicals, many of which are known to cause cancer. The high temperature from the burning end of a cigarette is like a miniature chemical factory. It puts out many more chemicals than are found in tobacco that has not been lit. Altogether more than 4,000 chemical compounds have been identified in tobacco smoke. The chemicals that cause cancer are mainly in the tar. Tar, together with some of the irritant gases, may also be partly responsible for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Nitrogen oxides are suspected, but the main agents responsible are not yet known. Neither nicotine nor carbon monoxide causes cancer, but they probably work together as causes of the heart diseases associated with smoking. What is an addiction? A smoking addiction means a person has formed an uncontrollable dependence on cigarettes to the point where stopping smoking would cause severe emotional, mental, or physical reactions. Everyone knows that smoking is harmful and addictive, but only a few people realize just how dangerous it can be and how addictive it is. Chances are that about one in three smokers who do not stop will eventually die because of their smoking. On average, they will die 10 to 15 years earlier than they would have died from other causes. Most smokers’ want to stop and do try, but only one in three people try to stop permanently before age 60. By this time there body has been deteriorating. The reason why so many people fail to stop is because they are addicted. Nicotine is the drug in tobacco that causes addiction. It is absorbed and enters the bloodstream, through the lungs when smoke is inhaled, and through the lining of the mouth. Nicotine is drug that affects the activity of the brain. It als o has a relaxing effect, especially at times of stress.

Function Of Educational Managers In A School Institution Education Essay

Education is the foundation of civilised society and every society seems to be engaged in assorted educational activities. Its purpose is to supply and advance instruction to the multitudes so that well disciplined and mentally sound persons can be prepared who finally contribute in the development and prosperity of progressive society. Education system is devised to instill the doctrine, societal norms and accomplishments for economic activities. We besides are quickly switching into a new epoch in the history of worlds on this planet, which is called the technological epoch. And instruction is the primary beginning of all technological progresss, inventions and human amenitiess and that we need development, which is merely possible through quality instruction. An organisation is a aggregation of people working together in a Division of labor to accomplish a common intent. This definition fits a broad assortment of fraternal groups, nines, voluntary organisations and spiritual organic structures, every bit good as entities such as schools, infirmaries and authorities bureaus. The penetrations and applications of OB use to all of these groups. Here, we will be most interested in work organizations- those organisations to which people belong as employees ( Wood, et al 1998 ) . Organizational behavior is a subject that seeks to depict understand and predict human behavior in the environment of formal organisation. A typical part and feature of organisational behavior as subject is the expressed acknowledgment that ( 1 ) organisations create internal contextual scene or environments, that have great influence on the behavior of people in them and ( 2 ) to some extent the internal environment of an organisation is influenced by the big context in which the organisation itself exists ( for illustration, the societal, political, economic and technological systems that support the organisation ) . Furthermore, the internal environment or context of the organisation ( which is so influential in arousing and determining human behavior ) is non simply physical and touchable but besides includes the societal and psychological features of the life human system ( Owens, R.G. 1998 ) . Organization behavior is the field that seeks cognition about the behaviors in organisational scene by consistently analyzing single, group and organisational procedures. Thus cognition is used both as an terminal in itself by scientists interested in basic human behaviour and by practicians interested in heightening organisational effectivity and single good being ( Jerald and Robert, 2000 ) . Organizations do non win or neglect people do. Organizations are closely associated with people who are populating and altering ; hence human behaviors must be considered and understood within the kineticss of the formal organisation ( Ahuja, 1990 ) . Hence the filed of organisational behavior aid directors both trade with learn from their workplace experiences. Directors who understand OB are better prepared to cognize what to look for in work state of affairss, to understand what they find, and to take or assist others to take the needed action. This is a procedure for which doctors are carefully trained. When giving a physical test, a physician consistently asks inquiries and is speedy to observe where one status ( such as a perennial facial sore may be diagnostic of a job that requires farther medical attending ( intervention for a little tegument malignant neoplastic disease ) . Alternatively of sores and concerns, directors, action indexs typically deal with the public presentation achievements of people at work, their attitudes and behaviors, and events that occur in the work unit, in the organisation a hole, and event in the external environment. Good direction is able both to acknowledge the significance of these indexs ( for illustration, an addition in turnover among employees ) and to take constructive action to better things as a consequence of this penetration ( such as updating benefits and incentive wage strategies ) . Good directors add value to an organisation. However, good directors must be able to place, manage and modify the behavior of other member of the organisation is this added value from managerial activities is to be realized ( Baron, 1986 ) . Basically, nevertheless, any director should seek two cardinal consequences for a work unit or work squad. The first is task public presentation, the quality and measure of the work produced or the service provided by the work unit as a whole. The 2nd is human resources care, the attractive force and continuance of a capable work force over clip. This ulterior impression, while to frequently ignored, is highly of import. It is non plenty for a work unit to accomplish this high public presentation on any given twenty-four hours: a work integrity must be able to accomplish this high public presentation every twenty-four hours, both now and in the hereafter ( Christensen, 1994 ) . Indeed, the two consequences can be seen as the standard of an effectual director that is, a director whose work unit squad achieves high degrees of undertaking achievement and maintains itself as a capable work force over clip. This construct of the ‘effective Manager ‘ is an of import model for understanding the penetrations of OB and for developing your personal managerial accomplishments. Organizations are altering now, and they will go on to alter in order to last and thrive in a complex environment. We see organisations downsizing, organizing confederations, making new constructions, traveling planetary, prosecuting in joint ventures and using every more sophisticated engineerings and they attempt to cover with competitory force per unit areas. We see organisation prosecuting productiveness additions, authorising workers, pressing for invention, and seeking to accommodate themselves to outdo tantrum altering times ( Dolan, 1994 ) . There is no uncertainty about it ; the waies are clear ; the hereafter is at that place. But in order to win, directors must be willing to step frontward and do the personal and organisational alterations necessary to procure it. Indeed, some advisers and writers are oppugning the very term director. They believe that the altering nature of organisations in the new work topographic point may do the term coordinator, or possibly train or facilitator, a more disposed description of the function. However, irrespective of the term used, the message is clear. The successful twenty-first century director will hold to do the behavioural and attitudinal accommodation necessary to win in really dynamic clip ( Flippo, 1998 ) .STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMIt is an constituted theory that proper organisational behavior ensures the full use of available educational installations and resources for the development of the organisation. Hence the survey was focused on the organisational behaviour of educa tional directors in NWFP.Importance OF THE STUDYOrganizational behavior is the yardstick which measures the clime of organisation. If the clime is suited for optimal use of worker ‘s possible, energy and capableness the organisation grows and ensures high quality merchandise. The educational directors are the anchor of educative procedure. They are the policy shapers, contrivers, implementers, decision makers and alteration agent in instruction. Any positive and fruitful alteration in society is hard without instruction.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe present survey was conducted to educational directors observed facets of organisational behavior in educational institutes of Punjab holding following aims: To find the function and map of acceptable behaviour of educational directors. To look into the manner of determination devising of instruction troughs.ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDYThe followers were the basic premises of the survey: It was assumed that the Education directors were good cognizant of the construct of organisational behaviour and its deductions. It was assured that the instructors were cognizant of the construct of organisational behaviour, its constituents and determinants..DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYThe Following boundary lines were observed during the survey ; Merely public educational establishments were included in the survey. The survey comprised of secondary degree of instruction that is from category IX to XII. The caputs of the establishments and instruction officers up to territory degree were considered as educational directors.PROCEDURE OF THE STUDYThis was the descriptive/survey type of survey. Following process was adopted for its completion: –PopulationAll the directors working in the different educational organisations of NWFP were included in the population of the survey. All the instructors working in secondary instruction were besides taken in survey.SampleRandom trying technique was used for the choice of sample. Twenty caputs of secondary schools ten caputs of higher secondary and five instructors from each establishment were included in the survey. Eight Executive District Officers and eight District Education Officers were besides taken in the sample. The sample was taken from eight territory of NWFP viz. ; Kohat, Peshawar, Bannu, , D.I..Khan, Mardan, Swabi, Abbotabad, and Manshera.Research InstrumentsTwo questionnaires were developed ; one for 256 directors and the ot her for 1200 instructors. The questionnaires were developed on Likert ‘s 5-point graduated table. The questionnaires covered all the of import elements of organisational behaviour of Educational Directors.Data CollectionDatas were collected by the research worker personally. First questionnaires were mailed to the sampled mark of respondents. The research worker personally visited the establishments for aggregation of informations. Keeping in position the clip factor, services of some representatives were besides utilized who were made orientated in make fulling the questionnaires.Datas AnalysisThe Data collected through questionnaires were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted by utilizing suited statistical tool of Chi-square. Findingss were drawn and recommendations were made for the betterment of organisational behaviour of educational directors in Punjab.Statement of pointsResponsesSAAUDDistrict attorneySDAEntirec2Educational directors are cognizant of the construct of orga nisational behavior or clime Responses 37 112 0 89 18 256176.75*Percentage 14 44 0 35 7 100 Educational directors are satisfied with the quality of instructors. Responses 16 51 0 182 7 256447.7*Percentage 6 20 0 71 3 100 Educational directors involve the instructors in determination devising Responses 8 85 0 127 36 256226.68*Percentage 3 33 0 50 14 100 Educational directors are trained is determination doing techniques Responses 21 79 0 119 37 256114.07*Percentage 8 31 0 47 14 100 Educational directors are trained is communicating Responses 39 152 0 47 18 256274.41*Percentage 15 60 0 18 7 100 They are just in covering with others Responses 51 132 0 57 16 256203.56*Percentage 20 52 0 22 6 100 They believe in virtue and transparence Responses 61 148 0 46 1 256285.81*Percentage 24 58 0 18 0 100 Educational directors recommend inducements for good instructors Responses 42 129 0 56 29 256181.13*Percentage 17 50 0 22 11 100 Educational directors are competent in direction accomplishments Responses 17 51 0 157 31 256300.62*Percentage 7 20 0 61 12 100 Educational directors emphasis on the usage of latest instructional engineering Responses 12 47 0 156 41 256289.6*Percentage 5 18 0 61 16 100* Significantdf= 4 table value of c2 at 0.05 = 9.488The above tabular array 1 shows that value at 4 grade of freedom the c2 value at 0.05 = 9.488 which is greater than the table value the qis square ( c2 ) value. The tabular array indicate that the deliberate value of c2 ( 176.75* , 447.4* , 226.28* , 114.07* , 274.41* , 203.56* , 285.81* , 181.13* , 300.62* and 289.6* ) is greater than the table value of c2 ( 9.4888 ) , hence there is important difference in the responses of the respondents. Some responses are positively accepted the class of â€Å" agree † so it is concluded that the respondents feel that educational directors are cognizant of the construct of organisational behavior or clime, they are trained is communicating, they are just in covering with others and they recommend inducements for good instructors. on the other side there a some responses which are in favor of negatively accepted They are satisfied with the quality of instructors † is negatively a ccepted. It is concluded that quality of instructors need betterment, they involve the instructors in determination devising therefore the state of affairs needs betterment and educational director are trained is determination doing techniques is negatively accepted. It means educational directors need developing which should be arranged decently.DecisionThe undermentioned decisions were drawn out after analysis of responses. Concept of organisational behaviour was clear to 58 % of the directors and bulk of the instructors were non clear about this construct. Hence they were non take parting volitionally and voluntarily to better it. Educational Directors. Not satisfied with the quality of the instructors. Through in their sentiments they involved instructors in group engagement. They were besides of the sentiment that they involved instructors in decision-making. But the instructors were non trained in decision-making techniques. The instructors responded that the directors did non utilize democratic manner of leading. Educational Directors opined that they were trained in societal and commuting accomplishments. They distributed burden work oddly and they encouraged inquiries for elucidation. They stressed the character edifice of instructors and pupils. The bulk of the educational directors responded that they could non guarantee sufficient resources for each undertaking and service. The bulk of the instructors stated that organisational clime was non suited for better public presentation. They did non experience comfy. The workplace and rule of right adult male for right occupation was non maintained. The bulk of Educational Directors opined that they did non pattern the behavior personally that they would others to follow. They farther stated that they were non fair in utilizing financess. The bulk of the instructors stated that their wages were non sufficient to populate comfortably. The E.M did non take involvement in work outing personal job of the instructors. The bulk of the instructors besides said that deficit of financess was felt severely and system of answerability was weak and financess were misused. The bulk of the Educational Managers stated that they did non emphasize on the usage of latest instructional engineering in the categories due to its deficit. The bulk of the instructors besides verified that they did non utilize instructional engineering in the categories they besides did non utilize different motive techniques in the schoolrooms.RecommendationThe undermentioned recommendations were made in the visible radiation of the findings and aims of the survey. It was reported by both classs of the respondents that deficit of financess was felt severely. Pakistan was supplying fundss to the melody of 2.1 % of GDP to instruction which was really little for bettering the system and organisational demands. It is strongly recommended that at least the budget for instruction should be doubled. Both classs of respondents, the educational directors and instructors stated that system of answerability is weak. It is an constituted rule that merely proper answerability mechanisms can heighten betterment of public presentation hence it was recommended that proper efficient and effectual answerability system should be introduced from top to bottom in the territory disposal of instruction. For this purpose particular preparation should be arranged for educational troughs and instructors at approachable centres. Majority of both the classs of respondents replied that they were non trained in motive, societal, communicating and decision-making accomplishments. It was recommended that periodic preparation should be assigned for educational directors and instructor for their preparation in motive leading, communicating interpersonal dealingss, instructor pupils ‘ dealingss, and determination devising techniques. This type of preparation should be arranged with the aid of experts of relevant Fieldss. The new information and instructional engineering should be utilised decently. The instructors should be trained in faculty members for professional development and every instructor should be given the equal opportunity to take part in in-service preparation under certain cyclic order. The bulk of the respondents reported that there was an acute deficit of educational installations like books, cyberspace, computing machine, equipment, athleticss stuff and conveyance etc. The research worker felt that such state of affairs was due to shortage of financess and to some extent due to the carelessness of the caputs. It was recommended that chemical and equipment for research labs, books, computing machines and internet installation for libraries, athleticss stuffs for games, and furniture should be provided to all the secondary and higher secondary schools on precedence footing. The aid of community and local authorities can be solicited. The bulk of the respondents replied that there was a political intervention in educational organisations which led to upset the organisational behaviour. It was recommended that confidence should be got from the political parties by the authorities, non to disrupt the educational environment. Furthermore, working of political groups through pupil brotherhoods should be banned in the establishments.AUTHORS INFORMATIONMr.Muhammad Naeem Butt is working as Lecturer in Institute of Education and Research, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.. He did his M.Phil in Education from Sarhad University of Science and Technology, Peshawar – Pakistan nb840 @ yahoo.com Dr. Muhammad Iqbal is soon working as Professor of Education in Department of Education, Sarhad University of Science and Technology, Peshawar – Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Naseer-Ud-Din is working as an Assistant Professor in Institute of Education and Research, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan. He did his Phd in Education from University Institute of Education and Research, UAAR, Pakistan. Electronic mail: naseer_khanpk2000 @ yahoo.com Dr. Ishtiaq Hussain is working as an Assistant Professor in Institute of Education and Research, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan. Miss. Safia Noor is soon working as chief Govt. Girls High School, Charsada, Pakistan. She did her M.Phil in instruction.

Fusion Centers

FUSION CENTERS Cecilia Pina 05/16/12 compSc 100: Mon & Wed 4pm-5:50pm â€Å"A fusion center is an effective and efficient mechanism to exchange information and intelligence, maximize resources, streamline operations, and improve the ability to fight crime and terrorism by merging data from variety of sources. †(1) Let us break this down, fusion is the act of fusing or combining and center is a point or place in which interest focuses. In other words a fusion center is a single place where the U.S. government collects all kinds of information on just about everyone. That single place they use is a high end database not a warehouse full of file cabinets stuff with paper document. A database is a where the collection of information that can be easily accessed and manipulated on a computer or computers. The two play a role off of each other, fusion centers and databases. Of course you can have one without the other but it makes it so much simpler to combine the two.Using the fusio n center to make it easier as far as knowing where to look up the info and the databases in order to obtain the information you desire to seek, change, add to or delete a quicker process. You may be asking â€Å"What is the purpose of the U. S. government having a fusion center for? † It may not seem like something we need to go to such extremes to keep data on ourselves because we are just a citizen. The U. S. government finds it as a precaution for our safety and allows a better fight against crime and terrorism.The U. S. government claim to use fusion centers for other reasons; Agriculture, Food, Water, and the Environment, Banking and Finance, Chemical Industry and Hazardous Materials, Criminal Justice, Education, Emergency Services (non-law enforcement), Energy, Government, Health and Public Health Services, Hospitality and Lodging, Information and Telecommunications, Military Facilities and Defense Industrial Base, Postal and Shipping, Private Security, Public Works, Re al Estate, Retail, Social Services, Transportation.In 2004 and 2005, most states started making fusion centers with different local, state, and federal funds. At that point in time, there were no standards or guidelines existing to assist with the issues of operating together and communication with other fusion centers at the state, regional, and federal levels. As a result, fusion centers that were created to share information were actually just storing the information, and were incapable of exchanging the information. In response, the U. S.Department of Justice (DOJ) created is known as the Law Enforcement Intelligence Fusion Center Focus Group (FCFG). At the same time, the Homeland Security Advisory Council , U. S. Department of Homeland Security’s, Intelligence and Information Sharing Working Group were focusing on the preventing information sharing by creating guidelines for local and state agencies in relation to the collection, analysis, and dissemination of terrorism- related intelligence (i. e. , the fusion process). The recommendations resulting from the U. S.Department of Justice initiative and Homeland Security Advisory Council’s efforts laid the foundation for the expansion of the Fusion Center Guidelines to combine the public safety and private sector entities. Consequential to publishing the first Version of the Fusion Center Guidelines and the Homeland Security Advisory Council’s Intelligence and Information Sharing Initiative the Homeland Security Intelligence and Information Fusion report, the U. S Department of Justice and Homeland Security Advisory Council established two additional focus groups.The two groups added were the Public Safety FCFG (fusion center focus group) and the Private Sector FCFG, in an attempt to develop a complete set of guidelines for fusion centers. Participants in the three focus groups included experts and practitioners from local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies; public safety agenci es; and the private sector as well as government from current operating fusion centers. As well as, representatives from national law enforcement, public safety, and private sector organizations participated in the focus groups.These guidelines are to be used to make sure that the fusion centers are established and operated consistently, resulting in improved coordination efforts, strengthened partnerships, and improved crime-fighting and antiterrorism capabilities. The guidelines and related materials will provide assistance to centers as they prioritize and address threats posed in their specific jurisdictions for all crime types, including terrorism. In addition, the guidelines will help administrators develop policies, manage resources, and evaluate services associated with the jurisdiction’s fusion center.The guidelines are to be used for homeland security, as well as all other crimes and hazards. The full report contains a very in-depth explanation of the guidelines and the key elements needed. Also in the report are extra resources, model policies, and tools for guideline requirements’. â€Å"Fusion centers are incorporating private corporations into the intelligence process, further threatening privacy. There is no probable cause for any information relating to any citizen to be included in the data base. There is no due process connected with any information utilized.There in no accountability for mishandling of information or misinformation distributed about any Oregon Citizen. Types of Data that are being collected: Living arrangements, drivers license records, insurance  records, health records. Types of Data that may be collected: Phone  Records, shopping records obtained through the private sector and used for profiling groups and individuals. Such information can be misused for â€Å"E-Verify† to screen for  jobs, or insurance and health policies. E-Verify:  E-Verify  are an Internet-based system operated by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) in partnership with the  Social Security  Administration (SSA). E-Verify is currently free to employers and is available in all 50 states Mechanics of Centralized Data Bases: Government agency or makes Request. Agency (or Fusion Center) pulls information from all sources. Report generated – distributed to requesting agency or – and then trashed. You hear about it or are informed etc. , then request copy (Freedom of Information Act). It does not exist (it has been trashed). †(5) The U.S Government claims all this is for our safety but as showed it is to keep track of us, or as I believe. Next they could use RFID chips to make it easier for them to hold our every move. Bibliography 1:† Fusion Centers and Intelligence Sharing. †Ã‚  IT. OJP. GOV Home. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 May 2012. . 2:†EPIC – Information Fusion Centers and Privacy. †Ã‚  EPIC – Electronic Privacy Information Cent er. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 May 2012. . 3:German, Mike , and jay stanley. â€Å"FUSION CENTER UPDATE. †Ã‚  FUSION CENTER UPDATE. N. p. , n. d. Web. 1 May 2012.

The Teacher as a Hero

The teacher as a hero LESSONS PLANNED from the teacher's pen (The Philippine Star) Updated October 01, 2009 T here are heroes and heroes, national and local. Some of them are born, others are made. Many are still living while many others have long been gone. It is to the latter that monuments and museums were built to keep alive their memory in our hearts and mind. Public buildings, parks and plazas, streets and a few provinces have been named after them. Important dates and events are usually marked red in the calendar to remind us of their birth or death anniversary. During the celebration of these events, program speakers take turns extolling to high heavens whatever good they had done for the country. Sad enough the hero who is apparently taken for granted and therefore unsung is the poor teacher. Not having a pedigreed name, she has no influence, no power. She is regarded as belonging to the marginalized sector of society. Tactless people look down on her with contempt saying, â€Å"She’s only a teacher. † After all, unlike OFWs, teachers do not contribute to the national economy. What many do not seem to realize is that a teacher is truly a hero in her own way. For a teacher is not only about her lesson plans, her teaching methods, strategies and techniques. A teacher is also about her personal character, her values and her attitude. And more importantly a teacher is also about her missionary work which entails a great deal of sacrifice on her part and her family. Indeed, the pro-bono services that she renders involve numerous risks to life and limb. We have heard of teachers who were kidnapped for ransom, forced into marriage under pain of bodily harm, physically abused and the unfortunate, even beheaded. I remember a male teacher who reprimanded a student for provoking trouble in class. That afternoon the huffy father with fire in his eyes sought the teacher in school and mercilessly hacked him to death. I had a relative who was summoned to the Comelec office in Manila and made to explain her inadvertence to affix her signature on a pair of election forms. The financially distressed teacher was forced to take a long-term loan which she used to pay for her transportation fare, board and lodging while in Manila. In the meantime her family had to be sparing and frugal in order to tide them over until such period that the loan was fully paid. While other government employees are off after five, the teacher spends long hours of work at home writing lesson plans, checking test papers or preparing visual aids and similar teaching devices. Compared to those who work in the comfort of their office, thousands of our teachers go on long hours of journey to their far-flung stations over hill and dale, many times in harsh weather condition. It is no wonder that many of these teachers become decrepit long before their age or they get pitifully sick before retirement from the service. And yet their take-home pay is a mere pittance. Any increase in their starvation salary comes far apart and in trickles because this is dependent upon the members of Congress who remember the teachers only on election time. Come May of next year teachers will again be called upon to man the electoral ramparts of our democracy. They will be there to help safeguard the sanctity of the ballot, armed only with the nobility and integrity of their profession. Whatever people say to the contrary, the teacher as a hero is ready to lay down her life for the sake of country sans a loud flourish of trumpets. I salute our teachers as heroes, living or dead! ANTONIO A. MORAN of Camalig, Albay is a retired general education supervisor of the Department of Education.

Hamlet and the Oedipus Complex

William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a play about indecision, apprehension, and inner turmoil. Hamlet, the main protagonist, struggles within himself, attempting to muster the courage to avenge his father’s death by the hand of the current King, Claudius, who is also his late father’s brother. There seem to be many possible reasons for Hamlet’s delay in doing so. However, the one theory that answers all the questions is that Hamlet was possessed by his own Oedipus Complex , that is, he was deeply in love with his own mother, Gertrude. This can be seen throughout the play in several ways. Hamlet was understandably upset over his father’s death, but he was much less angry about the loss than he was disgusted with his uncle. His â€Å"girlfriend† Ophelia was not his lover, the relationship was a cover-up for his true feelings. King Hamlet’s spirit was aware of this. When he finally gave his blessing to Hamlet and Gertrude, he still did not act against Claudius. And most significantly, when Hamlet finally did take revenge and murder Claudius himself, he only did so because he knew Gertrude would approve at that point. Hamlet did not seem angry with Claudius as much as he seemed disgusted. After Claudius’ marriage to Gertrude in the first act, Hamlet is clearly suicidal in his first soliloquy: O, that this too too solid flesh would melt Thaw and resolve itself into a dew! Or that the Everlasting had not fix'd His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter! O God! God! (I, 2, 129-132) However, the soliloquy is not about the loss of his father, or about Claudius taking the throne, but about his hasty marriage to Gertrude: Ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears Had left the flushing in her galled eyes, She married. O, most wicked speed, to post With such dexterity to incestuous sheets! It is not nor it cannot come to good: But break, my heart; for I must hold my tongue. (I, 2, 154-159) This undue preoccupation with Gertrude’s personal life and suicidal tendencies show his self-hate and inner turmoil over his feelings for Gertrude, and the repressed desire to have her for himself. It seems as if he had been privately waiting for the inevitable death of his father for a long time, and was extremely bitter that Claudius married Gertrude before he had her to himself for any amount of time. Hamlet’s relationship with Ophelia was a guise put up for two reasons: Firstly, a cover-up for Hamlet’s inappropriate feelings for Gertrude, and secondly, a sexual release for Hamlet. Whether Hamlet consciously realized this or not, he showed displays of love for Ophelia when he felt he was obligated, such as when he jumped into her grave, but when the two of them were together in private, he did not treat her as one should treat a significant other. It was seen how Hamlet treated Ophelia in private when he spoke to her in the castle: You should not have believed me; for virtue cannot o inoculate our old stock but we shall relish of it: I loved you not. (III, 1, 118-120) Get thee to a nunnery: why wouldst thou be a breeder of sinners? I am myself indifferent honest; but yet I could accuse me of such things that it were better my mother had not borne me: I am very proud, revengeful, ambitious, with more offences at my beck than I have thoughts to put them in, imagination to give them shape, or time to act them in. (III, 1, 121-128) He told her, essentially, that he never loved her and discourages her from breeding immoral beings like himself. It seems that he may have begun to realize his complex around this point, and while he cared for Ophelia enough to try and let her go, he did not love her enough to continue the guise. However: When Hamlet was in the graveyard in Act 5 Scene 1, he speaks matter-of-factly about death and dying with Horatio: No, faith, not a jot; but to follow him thither with modesty enough, and likelihood to lead it: as thus: Alexander died, Alexander was buried, Alexander returneth into dust; the dust is earth; of earth we make loam; and why of that loam, whereto he as converted, might they not stop a beer-barrel? Imperious Caesar, dead and turn'd to clay, Might stop a hole to keep the wind away: O, that that earth, which kept the world in awe, Should patch a wall to expel the winter flaw! (V, 1, 192-202) He seems apathetic towards the bodies in the graveyard, and even after Ophelia’s corpse was brought to the grave, he did not react until Gertrude said: Sweets to the sweet: farewell! I hoped thou shouldst have been my Hamlet's wife; I thought thy bride-bed to have deck'd, sweet maid, And not have strew'd thy grave. (V, I, 230-235) It was then that Laertes leapt into Ophelia’s grave, and presumably for the sake of attaining Gertrude’s approval, Hamlet did as well. His feelings for Ophelia were of lower priority than pleasing his mother. He stayed with Ophelia for a sexual release, and when Ophelia found out that Hamlet did not love her and what he was using her for, she went mad. The songs she sang before the time of her death were about her dead father, Polonius â€Å"He is dead and gone, lady/He is dead and gone/At his head a grass-green turf/ At his heels a stone,† (IV, 5, 34 37). â€Å"I hope all will be well. We must be patient: but I/ cannot choose but weep, to think they should lay him/ i' the cold ground. My brother shall know of it† (IV, 5, 73 75). This shows how Ophelia was consumed and eventually driven to madness and suicide by the influence of controlling men over her life: Hamlet was the catalyst to her destruction. King Hamlet’s spirit seemed to be well-aware of the nature of Hamlet’s love for Gertrude. While the ghost did come back to ask Hamlet to avenge him, there was an underlying implication that he was conscious of Hamlet’s true feelings, and disapproved of them. So to seduce! –won to his shameful lust The will of my most seeming-virtuous queen! † (I, 5, 48-50) King Hamlet stated throughout the scene several times that his love for Gertrude was dignified, and that he was against incest in Denmark’s royal bed. However, when speaking about incest, he never specifically says that he only means Claudius. Throughout the play, Hamle t showed an indecent interest in Gertrude’s sex life. It is highly irregular for a son to go into such graphic detail when expressing his unhappiness with Gertrude’s choice in partners. Hamlet actually says to Gertrude: Nay, but to live In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed, Stew'd in corruption, honeying and making love Over the nasty sty— (III, 4, 91-94) This outburst seems unnecessarily sexually explicit. Hamlet’s preoccupation with Gertrude’s personal life is strange, given that he could have addressed the situation with critique of Claudius’ leadership or Gertrude’s marriage without the graphic imagery. In the 3rd scene, Hamlet is invited into Gertrude’s closet, a strangely intimate situation for mother and son, and speaks with her about her marriage to Claudius. King Hamlet’s ghost appears and tells Hamlet to â€Å"Step between her and her fighting soul† (III, 4, 113) presumably encouraging Hamlet to help her put an end to her relationship with Claudius. However, Hamlet is still scared to act, as he says: Do not look upon me Lest with this piteous action you convert My stern effects: then what I have to do Will want true color. (III, 4, 129-132) Hamlet meant that he was afraid to eliminate Claudius, because he was afraid of the desire deep within him to consummate his relationship with Gertrude, which he knows that his father would definitely not approve of. This shows the conflict between his own complex and his respect for his father: The cause of his delay of action throughout the entire play. The time when Hamlet finally acts and murders King Claudius is when Gertrude, after drinking poisoned wine that had been intended for Hamlet, was dying and realized that Claudius had done. Despite his contempt for Claudius and respect for his father, Hamlet had always been hesitant to murder the King because deep inside, he was more desperate for his mother’s approval than he was his father’s. As these instances show, Hamlet had a deep love for his mother, Gertrude, on platonic, maternal, and sexual level. It was Hamlet’s own Oedipus Complex, the neurosis that turned maternal love into a silent competition with his own father for her complete love, that kept him for so long from murdering Claudius to avenge his father. It seems as if Shakespeare knew enough about the workings of the human mind to discover the â€Å"Oedipus theory† long before Sigmund Freud or the science of psychology itself even existed.