Are You a Good Listener Quiz

Are you a good listener? Lets find out. On a scale of 25-100 (100 highest), how do you rate yourself as a listener? _____ Let’s find out how accurate your perception is. Rate yourself in the following situations and total your score. 4 Usually, 3 Frequently, 2 Sometimes, 1 Seldom ____ I try to listen carefully even when I’m not interested in the topic. ____ I’m open to viewpoints that are different from my own. ____ I make eye contact with the speaker when I’m listening. ____ I try to avoid being defensive when a speaker is venting negative emotions. ____ I try to recognize the emotion under the speaker’s words. ____ I anticipate how the other person will react when I speak. ____ I take notes when it’s necessary to remember what I’ve heard. ____ I listen without judgment or criticism. ____ I stay focused even when I hear things I don’t agree with or don’t want to hear. ____ I don’t allow distractions when I’m intent on listening. ____ I don’t avoid difficult situations. ____ I can ignore a speaker’s mannerisms and appearance. ____ I avoid leaping to conclusions when listening. ____ I learn something, however small, from every person I meet. ____ I try not to form my next response while listening. ____ I listen for main ideas, not just details. ____ I know my own hot buttons. ____ I think about what I’m trying to communicate when I speak. ____ I try to communicate at the best possible time for success. ____ I don’t assume a certain level of understanding in my listeners when speaking. ____ I usually get my message across when I communicate. ____ I consider which form of communication is best: email, phone, in-person, etc. ____ I tend to listen for more than just what I want to hear. ____ I can resist daydreaming when I’m not interested in a speaker. ____ I can easily paraphrase in my own words what I’ve just heard. ____ Total Scoring 75-100 You’re an excellent listener and communicator. Keep it up.50-74 You’re trying to be a good listener, but it’s time to brush up.25-49 Listening isn’t one of your strong points. Start paying attention. Learn how to be a better listener: Active Listening. Joe Grimms Listen and Lead project is a fabulous collection of listening tools. If your listening could be improved, get help from Joe. Hes a professional listener.

The Gift of the Magi Questions for Study and Discussion

The Gift of the Magi is one of the best-known and most-adapted short stories in modern American literature. Written in 1905 by O. Henry, the pen name used by William Sydney Porter, it tells the story of a poor, young married couple, Jim and Della, who want to buy Christmas gifts for each other but dont have enough money. Originally published in The New York Sunday World newspaper, The Gift of the Magi also appeared in the 1906 O. Henry anthology, The Four Million. The magi of the title refers to the three wise men from the Biblical story of Jesus birth. The three traveled a great distance to bring valuable gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh to the new baby, and, as O. Henry put it, invented the art of giving Christmas presents. Plot In this story, Dellas hair is spectacular: Had the queen of Sheba lived in the flat across the airshaft, Della would have let her hair hang out the window some day to dry just to depreciate Her Majestys jewels and gifts. Meanwhile, Jim as a prized gold watch that is described as follows: Had King Solomon been the janitor, with all his treasures piled up in the basement, Jim would have pulled out his watch every time he passed, just to see him pluck at his beard from envy. Della sells her hair to a wig maker to buy a chain for Jims watch for Christmas. Unbeknownst to her, however, Jim sells the watch to buy her a set of prized hair combs. Each gave up their most valued possession to get a gift for the other. The Gift of the Magi Discussion Questions What is important about the title? Does it suggest that the story has a religious lesson, or just that Christmas will figure into the plot somehow?What are some central ideas or themes of the story?What are some conflicts in the story? Are they internal or external?List a metaphor or comparison in the story. Explain it.Why do we spend so much time getting to know Della in the story, while Jim is introduced only near the very end? Is her perspective more or less important than his?Some of the language and phrasing O. Henry uses in The Gift of the Magi seems a bit outdated, particularly his descriptions of Della and references to salary and prices in 1905. How could the story be updated to be more contemporary without losing its central lessons of love and sacrifice?What are some symbols in The Gift of the Magi? Is it telling that Jim gives up something material that cant be reclaimed while Della gives up something that will regrow?Relate a symbol to a central idea or theme of the stor y.Does the story end the way you expected? Did you find it endearing that the two gave up their possessions for each other, or were you exasperated that neither could enjoy the others gift?How does this short story compare with other works in holiday literature? Is it similar to the lessons in works like Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol?How essential is the setting, both the time and place, to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else? Understanding The Gift of the Magi Describe a time when you picked out the perfect gift for someone or someone picked out the perfect gift for you. Why was it perfect?Describe a time when a gift didnt work out. What could have made the situation different? How was the situation handled?Describe an ironic incident in your own life. What was expected to happen, and why was the actual event ironic?

Alloy Definition and Examples in Chemistry

An alloy is a substance made by melting two or more elements together, at least one of them metal. An alloy crystallizes upon cooling into a solid solution, mixture, or intermetallic compound. The components of alloys cannot be separated using a physical means. An alloy is homogeneous and retains the properties of a metal, even though it may include metalloids or nonmetals in its composition. Alternate Spellings: alloys, alloyed Alloy Examples Examples of alloys include stainless steel, brass, bronze, white gold, 14k gold, and  sterling silver. Although exceptions exist, most alloys are named for their primary or base metal, with an indication of other elements in order of mass percent. Uses of Alloys Over 90% of metal used is in the form of alloys. Alloys are used because their chemical and physical properties are superior for an application than that of the pure element components. Typical improvements include corrosion resistance, improved wear, special electrical or magnetic properties, and heat resistance. Other times, alloys are used because they retain the key properties of component metals, yet are less expensive. Example Alloys Steel: the name given to an alloy of iron with carbon, usually with other elements, such as nickel and cobalt. The other elements add a desired quality to the steel, such as hardness or tensile strength.Stainless Steel: another iron alloy, which typically contains chromium, nickel, and other elements to resist rust or corrosion.18k Gold: this is 75% gold. The other elements typically include copper, nickel, or zinc. This alloy retains the color and luster of pure gold, yet is harder and stronger, making it better suited for jewelry.Pewter: an alloy of tin, with other elements such as copper, lead, or antimony. The alloy is malleable, yet stronger than pure tin, plus it resists the phase change of tin that can make it crumble at low temperatures.Brass: a mixture of copper with zinc and sometimes other elements. Brass is hard and durable, making it suitable for plumbing fixtures and machined parts.Sterling Silver: is 92.5% silver with copper and other metals. Alloying silver makes it h arder and more durable, although the copper tends to lead to greenish-black oxidation (tarnish).Electrum: Some alloys, like electrum, occur naturally. This alloy of silver and gold was highly prized by ancient man.Meteoritic Iron: While meteorites may consist of any number of materials, some are natural alloys of iron and nickel, with extraterrestrial origins. These alloys were used by ancient cultures to make weapons and tools.Amalgams: These are mercury alloys. The mercury makes the alloy much like a paste. Amalgams may be used in  dental fillings, with the mercury intact, although another use is to spread the amalgam and then heat it to vaporize the mercury, leaving a coating of another metal.

Genetically The Human Genome Manipulation Essay - 1237 Words

Genetically Modifying the Human Genome Genetically engineering the human genome, also known as the complete set of genetic material, is now more than just science fiction, after 25 years of collecting and analyzing scientific research, altering the human genome is becoming a concrete reality (Yu-Wai-Man 1323). Genetically modifying the human genome is deliberately altering human genes for the purpose of producing offspring with those genetic changes. Understanding the history of genome engineering, knowing the procedures, and being aware of the ethical issues of this aggressive approach to curing human genetic diseases are the main aspects to grasping the whole knowledge of germline engineering on human embryos and gametes. Human genome manipulation began in the 1980’s when discoveries of pronuclear microinjection exploded. According to Kevin Smith, in 1980 Jon Gordon, author of The Science and Ethics of Engineering the Human Germ Line, demonstrated that exogenous DNA, also known DNA that originates outside of the organism of study, could be introduced into the germline simply by the physical injection of a solution of cloned DNA into a zygote, also known as the diploid cell from the fusion of an ovum and a sperm cell (Smith 77). After this landmark discovery from Jon Gordon, pronuclear microinjection, was the most widely accepted method of germline manipulation although it was outstandingly expensive (Smith 79). The procedure of pronuclear microinjection consisted ofShow MoreRelatedGenetically Modified Organisms And Reproductive Cloning1648 Words   |  7 Pagesselect for traits that would be more desirable. This type of genetic modification has proven to be quite successful and has been used f or many generations. Presently scientists are genetically modifying organisms in order to produce more desirable traits. Genetically modified organisms (GMO), are organisms that have a genome that has been engineered in a laboratory in order to produce desired biological products or to express a desired physiological trait (Diaz 2014). Scientists are able to accomplishRead MoreEssay about Genetic Manipulation or Genetic Engineering952 Words   |  4 PagesGenetic manipulation, also referred to as ‘genetic engineering’ or ‘genetic modification’, is the change of an organism’s gene through the use of modern biotechnology techniques. There are various forms of genetic manipulation, including transgenic organisms, cloning, and gene therapy etc. Transgenic organisms, also known as genetically modified organisms (GMOs), are organisms that possess a foreign gene in its genome. This is achieved through recombinant DNA technology, which involves either theRe ad More Are Genetically Modified Foods the Way to Go? Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagesconsuming genetically modified and processed foods every day. Genetically modified and process foods cover roughly 60 to 70% of our food supply. Supermarket processed food items now test positive for the presence of genetically modified ingredients. The hidden menu of these unlabeled genetically modified foods and food ingredients in the US now includes soybeans, soy oil, corn, potatoes, squash, canola oil, cotton seed oil, papaya, tomatoes, and dairy products. But genetic manipulation is somethingRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1271 Words   |  6 Pagesbiotechnology, in which modern techniques directly manipulate genomes allowingthe transfer of specific trait genes from one organism to be inserted into another organism changing its genes. In doing so, an organism with the transferred gene may express the traits that it would not have naturally. These Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) or Transgenic Organisms are typically created for the benefits of humansserving in medical use where genetically modified bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E.Coli) canRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Babies1502 Words   |  7 Pagesto people’s fear of Genetically Modified Babies, which is â€Å"a biologically radical technique referred to by terms including ‘mitochondrial replacement,’ and ‘nuclear genome transfer,’ [these techniques] would produce modifications in every cell of any resulting children† (Cussin and Darnovsky 16). This procedure takes the fetus’s cells and allows the doctors to manipulate the cells in any matter they want; then, the cells are placed in the women’s egg. Unfortunately, Genetically Modified Babies areRead MoreThe Stigma Against Genetically Modified Foods Kill People1180 Words   |  5 PagesThe stigma against genetically modified foods kill people. How, you think? How does simply an idea cause the death of thousands of people? First of all, genetic modification is the direct manipulation of an organism s genome by changing the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. Genetically modified organisms are food crops that have been created through application of transgenic, gene-splicing techniquesRead MoreWhat Is Gm Foods And The Process Of Producing Gm Food Essay987 Words   |  4 PagesGM foods. Furthermore, a section will be dedicated to explaining the duties of the government agencies that regulate the GM foods. Finally, I will make an inferred conclusion as to the safety and fitness of GM foods for human consumption. The definition of GM foods Genetically engineered foods have had foreign genes (genes from other plants or animals) inserted into their genetic codes. Genetic engineering can be done with plants, animals or bacteria, and other microorganisms. The aim of theRead MoreEssay on The Perils of Genetic Screening and Gene Therapy1079 Words   |  5 PagesThe Perils of Genetic Screening and Gene Therapy      Ã‚   When we contemplate manipulation of the human genome, we tend to frame the debate in terms of the potential consequences for our children, or our childrens children. These are the individuals whose lives, and whose genes, are most likely to be effected by the rapidly advancing field of human genetics. Thus, while generations have always been conscious about the external environment bequeathed to their children, we of this generation mayRead MoreThe Invention Of Designer Babies1257 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Throughout the world, the potential to genetically modify embryos has created controversy whether this procedure if ‘morally correct.’ ‘Designer babies’ have been created by screening embryos for genetic diseases. However, ‘Designer babies’ has also been used to contain selected desired qualities such as eye colour, hair colour and skin complexion. The question remains, â€Å"where is the line drawn for ‘designer babies?’† In Vitro Fertilisation â€Å"In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) is a procedureRead MoreDn Dna And Dna1128 Words   |  5 Pagesallow for manipulation. Screening is then done using cultures such as E.coli bacterial lawns. The cDNA is then tested to ascertain that it achieves the required objective. (A cDNA library comprises of sequences complementary to the mRNA.) Question 2 Genomics is a discipline of genetics that deals with sequencing and analysis of an organism’s genome. Genomics is achieved by applying recombinant DNA, gene sequencing methods and bioinformatics to analyze the structure and functions of a genome (the complete

Preventing Delinquency And Its Effects On Society

Preventing delinquency, says Peter Greenwood, not only saves young lives from being wasted, but also prevents adult criminal careers and reduces the burden of crime on its victims and on society. He claims that it costs states billions of dollars a year to arrest, prosecute, incarcerate, and treat juvenile offenders. Investing in successful delinquency-prevention programs can save taxpayers seven to ten dollars for every dollar invested, primarily in the form of reduced spending on prisons. The most successful community-based programs are those that have huge family interactions, probably because they focus on providing skills to the adults who are in the best position to supervise and train the child. (Sanders (2005) (Greenwood, 2008) states that researchers have identified many â€Å"proven delinquency-prevention programs. Other programs such as these are still being looked into. In his article, Greenwood reviews the methods used to identify the best programs, explains how progra m success is measured and it can play a huge role in many communities and different forms of society The most successful programs are those that prevent youth from engaging in delinquent behaviors from the jump, before it even really sprouts out. Greenwood specifically cites home-visiting programs that target pregnant teens and their at-risk infants and preschool education for at-risk children that includes home visits or work with parents. Successful school-based programs are very useful becauseShow MoreRelatedBreaking Down the Walls of Delinquency1685 Words   |  7 PagesObviously something is going on in today’s society if more and more children are committing delinquent crimes. Sometimes a researcher has to get to what he or she thinks is the root of the problem to figure out what spawns a certain issue. What provokes a child to become delinquent and what makes the child gravitate so easily towards this lifestyle? It is necessary to explore how family life influences juvenile delinquency. Juveniles are more likely to become juvenile delinquents if there is littleRead More Preventing Juvenile Delinquency Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesPreventing Juvenile Delinquency The saying is that history often repeats itself. If this is true then society will have to deal with the complex burden of juvenile who eventually become adult criminals. However, if this saying is not true then the community in which juvenile delinquency exist must have the tool necessary to divert the youth in the community. If one is to change delinquent youth’s behavior, they need to variegate the justice system in order to prevent juvenile delinquent recidivismsRead MoreCrime Prevention Programs And Juvenile Delinquency1378 Words   |  6 PagesCrime Prevention Programs Juvenile Delinquency Jenna Moffitt American Military University Professor Parkinson CMRJ295 November 29, 2015 Crime Prevention Programs Juvenile Delinquency Crime is the one constant thing in our country that will always be around. For decades we have enhanced our technology, changed our laws, put away criminals, but crime still, and will always exist. Crime prevention programs are put into place to help prevent juveniles and adults fromRead MoreThe First National Child Protection Legislation1434 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' Historical Justifications. In 1974, the first national child protection legislation, The Child Abuse Prevention and Treat Act (CAPTA) became effective to promote awareness to communities and states to engage in identifying and preventing child abuse (Stein 1984). In order to realize the objectives of the Act, abuse must be defined. Defining abuse is hard to set in stone, as one concern is whether both physical and emotional abuse should be included or only one (Stein 1984). Another concern isRead MorePersonal Criminological Theory890 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing explored is social disorganization theory. According to this theory peoples tendency to take part in criminal activities is largely determined by the neighborhood where they are brought up in especially if conditions favorable to crime and delinquency prevail in such places. When communities becomes incapable of realizing common goals and solve problems that its residents face, there is a high likelihood that its residents wil l engage in criminal activities (Sampson Grove, 1989). Some of theRead MoreGender Roles : The Juvenile Justice System1244 Words   |  5 Pagesof the growth in female delinquency, girls would appear in the Juvenile Justice System; many court judges were unaware how to handle such a new trend and created more of a problem when treated the girls with â€Å"kid gloves† (The Future of Children). Although that is no longer a factor, it changed how girls were dealt with in the system, and it ultimately allowed delinquency to escalate. Currently, there are many characteristics which not only affect girls of juvenile delinquency but boys as well. CharacteristicsRead MoreThe Theory And Social Control Theory1106 Words   |  5 PagesHirschi Travis Hirschi is an American criminologist who is famous for developing the self-control perspective on crime and social control perspective on juvenile delinquency. In his groundbreaking work, Causes of Delinquency, he argued out that an explanation for delinquency can be achieved by absence of social bonds. He also stated that delinquency could be prevented by social attachments, acceptance of social norms, recognizing the moral validity of law and involvement in conventional activities. In hisRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency and the Criminal Justice System1423 Words   |  6 PagesThere are so many issues facing our society today, especially in the criminal justice system. Within the criminal justice system, juvenile delinquency is an issue that I find the most overlooked and it is a problem that is growing, particularly in the poorer areas. The term juvenile delinquency refers to the antisocial or criminal activity under the age of 18 which violates the law. Everyone is affected b y juvenile crime, parents, teachers, families and neighbors. It is essential that programs areRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Is A Crime Committed By A Young Person1379 Words   |  6 PagesThe Juvenile is a young person who is between ages ten to eighteen and dependent on others for their survival. Delinquency refers to a crime committed by a young person. Juvenile Delinquency, for this reason, refers to a crime committed by a minor. The transition from childhood to adulthood is tough for some minors who end up in participating in criminal activities for survival. Much blame has been on the fall of social values, family ties and individuals. The disintegration of family norms has alsoRead MoreJuvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act1577 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The purpose of this paper is to research the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act. The paper will focus on the purpose of this legislation, as well as the values that are expressed by this policy. This paper will not only address why this piece of legislation is important it will discuss the effects this act has had on the communities as well as the youths themselves. This paper, will also address the potential for change about the public attitudes towards the

Causes And Effects Of The French Revolution Essay Example For Students

Causes And Effects Of The French Revolution Essay French RevolutionFrench Revolution, one of the major revolutions in European history. The revolution marks a turning point in Frence history and in world history in general. Forms of government, morals, ideologies, and social development were greatly affected by it in all Europe and even in U. S. The beginning of the Frence Revolution in generally dated from June, 1789. But the crisis in political and economic affairs in France in that period was so great that social unrest, rioting, a and rebellion were common for two years before. The end of the revolutionary perios was marked by the establishment of the Empire by Napolean in 1804. The basic causes of the French Revolution were rooted in the rigidities of French society in the 18th century. Lines of distinction between classes were tightly drawn, and opportunites for social advancement were very few. The economy was not growing as fast as it should have been. Then needs of an increasing population were not being met. Governmet was inefficient and unrepresentative. Economic problems made the heavy tax exempt but neary so, while the peasents and middle classes were subjected to greater and greater burdens. Crops falied, and trade was stagnant. The people could no longer be taxed, but the government faced bankruptcy unless new revenues were found. The only soulution was to tax the privileged classes. But they were jealoous of their privileged posistion. Altought they were not completely unwilling to contribute some additional taxes, they never understood how grave the economis crisis was. They say the crises as only some form of financial corruption that could be explained away by firing the kings finace ministers. The libiral ideas of the French Enlightenment had been absorbed by some of the clergy and the nobility but only by a very few. The upper classes in France in 1789 were more jealous of their privileges then they had been at any time in the 100 years before. When the French aided the Americans during the American Revolution, they only sent men and ships and guns but lent saubstantial financial aid as well. As a result, the budget of the French government was thrown out of balance. When economic depression in France made the every growing debt even greater, the state seemed on the verge of bankruptcy. It was necessary to vote new taxes. The kings power was not as absoulute as he pretended it was, and no new taxes could be decreed unless the kings edicts were registered in the district courts, the parliaments. Their members were mostly members of the priviliged classes and were always ready to oppose the kings measures. Becuase of their continual refusal to register tax and reform edicts, it was necessary for the king, Louis XVI, to find some other way of legalizing his edicts France had never had a parliament exactly like the British, but it had a similar institution called the States-General. Unlike the British institution it met very frequently. The last one had met in 1616. The States-General was called, and it convened in May, 1789. The States-General was composed of three houses, or estates, calles the first, second, and third estates. The first represented the clerfy; the second, the nobility; and the third, the middle classes. The third estate contained as many members as the first and second combined. When the estates met, the third estate wished to vote with the first two houses. The clergy and nobility and the king insisted the houses vote separately. But the third decided that it was more representative of the French people than the other two estates and that it was not fair to allow the first two estates so much power. On June 17, 1789, they converted themselves into a National Assembly, or Constituent Assembly, and resolved to draw up a new consitution for France. The king closed down the hall, but the members went to a nearyby tennis court and there took an oath (June 20) not to disband until a constitution was written. .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0 , .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0 .postImageUrl , .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0 , .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0:hover , .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0:visited , .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0:active { border:0!important; } .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0:active , .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0 .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7458ba28022a21f7fd4a92299c514da0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An Existentialist Meaning of Life Essay The pressure of public opinion was so much in their favor that Louis XVI was forced to reconize them, as he did by the end of the month. Bad crops and famine conditions contributed to the unrest. During July there were spotaneous peasant uprisings all over France. On Jult 14 a Paris mob stormed and demolished the Bastille, and old fortress housing political prisoners. On August 4, the assembly, led by certain enlightened nobles, abolished feudal rights and privileges with compensation to owners. A few years later the compensation was also abolished. On August 27 a Declaration of the Rights of Man, similar to the American Bill of Rights, was issued. The new constitution was completed by July, 1790, and the king accepted it. But Louis XVIs behavior was never consistent. In July, 1791, he tried to flee the country in order to reconquer it with the aid of Austrain and Prussian armies. He was caught, however, and popular feeling ran against him. He now accepted a revised constitution, in September, 1791, and the assembly dissolved. A legislative assemble was elected, and it met from October, 1791, to September, 1792. The legislative assembly was dominated by the Girondists, who wished to set up a federal republic. When the war broke out with Austria in April, 1792, there was no longer any reason for tolerating Louis XVI. He had plotted with his wifes family, which ruled Austria, and was now an enemy of the state. The National Convention, which reigned from September, 1791, to October, 1795, was the government of the Reign of Terror. It was the one that executed the king in January, 1793. The convention was ruled by two committees under the domination of Roberspirre from 1793 to 1794. Robespierre saw to the execution of his enemies and was rampant, war was at the doorstep, and bread riots were common. The tide turned in another direction, and a stronger executive power in the form of the Dierctory (1795-1799) was set up. A five-man committe ruled the country. Meanwhile, Napolean was making his name famous by his military success. Napoleon allied with two directors in the Directory and with his btoher Lucien, who was president of the Council of Five Hundred, and assembly under the Directory. On Nov. 9, 1799, in the Coup dEtat de Brumaire he overthrewthe government. A forn of government modeled on the old Roman type was set up. Napoleon was elected first consul for ten years. By 1804 Napolean assumed the title of emperor, and absoulute monarachy was revied. Bibliography Microsoft Encarta, 1997 Sucdus Som Sibro Universal World Reference Enclopedia -Words/ Pages : 1,233 / 24

Essentials of Corporate Financial MGMT Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.What are the important factors that should be considered by tertiary sector employees when they are deciding whether to place their Superannuation Contributions in the Defined Benefit Plan or the Investment Choice Plan? 2.If the Efficient-Market Hypothesis is true, the Pension fund Manager might as well select a portfolio with a pin. Explain why this is not the case. Answers: 1.Employees working in the tertiary sector are the employees who are involved in availing the services that is working in providing the services of the employment area. In the tertiary as well as in the service sector there are three types of sectors. In these sections it is required that the employees should make their own superannuation fund because they are not working under any employer (Arnold, 2013). There are two major plans which are related with the superannuation from which employees are required to make the decision of choosing the most appropriate one. These two plans are defined benefit plans or investment choice plan. Choosing these two plans it is required that certain set of factors should be taken into consideration. Further discussion will help in making appropriate decision regarding selection of the appropriate plan (Bacon, 2010). Defined Benefit Plan In defined plan the amount that will be received in the near future is being decided in the initial phases. Employees working in the tertiary sector or in the service sector have to make the decisions regarding the future amount that will be received at the time of the retirement. It is a plan in which the amount which is being specified is being paid by both the parties which are employers as well as employees (Aslan, 2015). The amount which is to be specified is being decided on the basis of the earnings of the salary, his age, and the tenure of employees for which he will work. It could be used as the tool for increasing the salary or the pay of the employees (Arnold, 2013). Defined benefit plan is one of the most common plans which is being used by the employers in which the pension of the employees is being calculated (Aslan, 2015). So as to calculate the pension of the employees there are three variables which are required to be undertaken by the employers, these three variable s are: Pensionable Service which is the number of the years for which the pension is required to be paid to the employee (Baker and Filbeck, 2013) Pensionable earnings which is the estimation of the amount which will be drawn by the employee at the time when he will retire Accrual interest which is the portion of the earning which will be received by the employee at the scheme selected. (Baker and Filbeck, 2013) The formula with the help of which accrual interest of an individual is being calculated is under the defined benefit plan is: Number of the year worked x Salary at the time of the retirement x Accrual rate (Paramasivan and Subramanian, 2009) With the help of the information gathered an analysis is being made that there are various factors on which the pension fund or the funds of the employees is dependent these factors are salary, number of the years of the services, and the accrual which belongs to the employee (Perry, 2011). This is a type of superannuation fund in which the employees can set the amount of the contribution in the funds and will be able to get the pension at the time of the superannuation according to the decisions made. Information related with all set of benefits could be provided to the employee at the time when the plan will be created. There are certain other set of taxes and the incentives which are being availed in the plan, hence it could be said that for tertiary sector employees defined benefit plan will be more suited (Rayman, 2013). Investment Choice Plan Investment choice plan is the plan in which the investments accounts will be opened with the investment companies and the amount of the investments could range from any amount. It is the plan in which the employer contribution and the employee contribution or any type of gain or the interest and the unit which is being earned during the period will be invested by both single and the multiple investments (PROJECT MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE., 2017). In this plan, employees have the power of choosing the option of making the changes in the investments which is based on certain set of factors. One of the major advantages attached with the investment choice plan is that employee has the freedom to manage the superannuation funds on the basis of their requirements. Investment choice plan also provides a support to the employee that in this employee can make the portfolio of the investment or make the assets in which they want to invest in (Rayman, 2013). Certain set of strategies could be adopte d so as to use the investment choice plan. Some of the examples of the investment funds are investment funds, secure funds, trustee funds and stable funds. There are certain set of factors which are to be taken into consideration by the tertiary sector employees in the selection of defined benefit plan and the investment choice plans these factors are as follows: Risk Profile: One of the major considerations that could be made and should be taken into consideration by the tertiary sector employees is the level of risk they can bear while making an investment (Reilly and Brown, 2012). Defined benefit plan is the plan which includes less risk ad a defined amount will be received at the time of maturity. On the other hand investment choice plan includes higher risk as the investment is dependent on the choice of the employees. High risk is involved in the investment choice place and the superannuation amount that is being received is high (Valentine and Scott, 2011). Inflation Rate: The rate at which the dearness of the cost increases with the increase in the rate of the inflations. In order to make appropriate set of decisions related with the investments it is necessary that the superannuation contributions should taken into consideration. Defined benefit plan is a long term plan in which inflation plays a very vital role (Westerlund and Narayan, 2013). As the defined benefit plan is a longer period plan so the value of the money declines in the same after each yea. Hence, more concentration is required from the side of employees in the defined benefit plan so as to ensure that the appropriate set of return could be received on the date of maturity. Investment Time Period Time period of investment is taken into consideration while choosing a plan for retirement contribution. Employees should decide the time period of investment whether it is for long time duration or short duration (Valentine and Scott, 2011). For shorter period of time, investment choice plan is also beneficial and on the other side defined benefits plan is only beneficial for providing large benefits in long term. As a result, investor should focus on the investment time period before choosing a plan (Peterson Drake and Fabozzi, 2009). Financial objectives Every individual sets its own financial goal. There are various financial aspects related to the investment plan that must be focused upon before making a decision of investment (Bacon, 2010). If employees of tertiary sector have a goal to earn more revenue as well as also capable for taking risk then investment choice plan is for them. But if employees want to get pension income at moderate level on constant rate then in this situation defined benefit plan is beneficial. Problems associated with Time value of money concept Time value of money defines the conception based on decreasing the worth of money in the upcoming period of time. Time value of money plays an important role in choosing the plan for retirement contribution (Peterson Drake and Fabozzi, 2009). Time value of money management is considered as difficult task and for that purpose both plans defined benefit plan and investment choice plan play their role accordingly. They both have their own procedure and treatment for managing the funds which helps in process of decision making of selecting retirement contribution. This concept is beneficial to calculate the nearby value of retirement contribution as well as an amount of pension which is to be received at the time of retirement or after it. Existing rate of inflation and current market trends are considered as a few factors that provide a proper support to the concept of time value of money in making decision (Shim, 2012). Time value of money is helpful in calculating the current value of contribution which is made for retirement and also calculate the amount which is to be received after the superannuation. Inflation rate can help in adjusting the contribution present value and pension amount that is to be received at superannuation period. In this concept, real cash flows problems associated with retirement contribution and amount which will receive has been taken into consideration (Peterson Drake and Fabozzi, 2009). Recommendation It is concluded on the basis of above clarification that between these two plans desired benefit and investment choice, the plan which should be selected for superannuation contribution is investment choice plan as it is most customised plan and involves high returns (Baxamusa, Mohanty and Rao, 2015). This plan is suggested to select because it is considered that this is highly flexible plan in respect to establishing retirement plan as well as cash inflows and outflows. One more reason to select investment choice plan is that the amount of pension in defined benefit plan is remain stable, not even increases but in investment choice plan there is a possibility of amount increment on the accordance with the situation of market (Cox, Lin, Tian and Yu, 2013). 2.Efficient market hypothesis In efficient market hypothesis, organizations stock price or commodity price reveal the relevant set of information about current financial status of the company. In another term, efficient market hypothesis is used to identify the stock and share prices of an organization with the help of collecting set of information regarding company. This is implied by efficient market hypothesis that the prices of stock or asset at always its fair value in which no one can get loss or profit in the market. The theory of efficient market hypothesis has been contrasting on availability of various factors which are responsible for setting the price of assets (Khan and Ikram, 2010). So, on that basis the selection of investment can be chosen with ease without putting any extra efforts or skills. In efficient market hypothesis, there is no any intimation about the information regarding past, market trends analysis, market conditions and market information has been taken to the price of asset or stock . In this hypothesis, the stock prices are stable or do not make any movement due to market trends (Karapinar, Zaif and Torun, 2012). Pension fund managers responsibility in managing the portfolio There is not much responsibility of fund manager in managing the portfolio as the prices of stock or assets remain same and do not change. In this hypothesis, the role of fund manager will be ended soon as there is no need to focus on any aspect. By this hypothesis, the pension fund manager role and importance will be diminished as there is no intimation of past market trends have been taken into. In investment choice plan, there is a task for the pension fund manager to update the plan as well as portfolio of the employees. But in efficient market hypothesis it is not necessary (Westerlund, Norkute and Narayan, 2014). It can be assumed by the above discussion that this type of theory as explained in efficient market hypothesis does not have any existence because there are various aspects that are taken into consideration during the time of investment for retirement (Valentine and Scott, 2011). This type of case does not exist into the market because there are various forces which are responsible to influence the price of stock or assets. As it is described that there is no need of hire fund manager for managing the portfolio because all investor would earn same amount of revenue in this type of situation (Shim, 2012). So as a result, it is assumed that efficient market hypothesis is not relevant theory and it does not exist in real market situation as well as in the market of investment. It is proven that efficient market theory is unproved and unclear (Westerlund, Norkute and Narayan, 2014). References Arnold, G., 2013.Essentials of corporate financial management. Harlow, England: Pearson. Aslan, H., 2015. Do Lending Relationships Affect Corporate Financial Policies?.Financial Management, 45(1), pp.141-173. Bacon, F., 2010.Corporate financial management. Acton, MA: Copley Custom Textbooks. Baker, H. and Filbeck, G., 2013.Portfolio theory and management. New York: Oxford University Press. Westerlund, J., Norkute, M. and Narayan, P., 2014. A Factor Analytical Approach to the Efficient Futures Market Hypothesis.Journal of Futures Markets, 35(4), pp.357-370. Westerlund, J. and Narayan, P., 2013. Testing the Efficient Market Hypothesis in Conditionally Heteroskedastic Futures Markets.Journal of Futures Markets, 33(11), pp.1024-1045. Valentine, T. and Scott, C., 2011.Modern financial and investment planning. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia. Shim, J., 2012.Time value of money and fair value accounting. Kent: Global Professional Publishing Ltd. Reilly, F. and Brown, K., 2012.Investment analysis portfolio management. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Rayman, R., 2013.Accounting Standards. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Project Management Institute, 2017.Standard for Portfolio Management. [S.l.]: Project Management Inst. Peterson Drake, P. and Fabozzi, F., 2009.Foundations and applications of the time value of money. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Perry, M., 2011.Business driven project portfolio management. Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.: J. Ross Pub. Paramasivan, C. and Subramanian, T., 2009.Financial management. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. Khan, A. and Ikram, S., 2010. Testing Semi-Strong Form of Efficient Market Hypothesis in Relation to the Impact of Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) Investments on Indian Capital Market.International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, pp.373-379. Karapinar, A., Zaif, F. and Torun, S., 2012. Accounting Policies in the Extractive Industry: A Global and a Turkish Perspective.Australian Accounting Review, 22(1), pp.40-50. Cox, S., Lin, Y., Tian, R. and Yu, J., 2013. Managing Capital Market and Longevity Risks in a Defined Benefit Pension Plan.Journal of Risk and Insurance, 80(3), pp.585-620. Baxamusa, M., Mohanty, S. and Rao, R., 2015. Information Asymmetry about Investment Risk and Financing Choice.Journal of Business Finance Accounting, 42(7-8), pp.947-964.